The role of covariate balance in observational studies

Observational data are prevalent in many fields of research, and it is desirable to use this data to make causal inferences. Because this data is nonrandom, additional assumptions are needed in order to construct unbiased estimators for causal effects. The standard assumption is strong ignorability, though it is often impossible to achieve the level of covariate balance that it requires. As such, researchers often settle for lesser balance levels within their datasets. However, these balance levels are generally insufficient to guarantee an unbiased estimate of the treatment effect without further assumptions. This article presents several extensions to the strong ignorability assumption that address this issue. Under these additional assumptions, specific levels of covariate balance are both necessary and sufficient for the treatment effect estimate to be unbiased. There is a trade‐off, however: as balance decreases, stronger assumptions are required to guarantee estimator unbiasedness. These results unify parametric and nonparametric adjustment methods for causal inference and are actualized by the Balance Optimization Subset Selection framework, which identifies the best level of balance that can be achieved within a dataset. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 64: 323–344, 2017     

基于节点综合效能的DTN路由算法

针对容忍延迟网络(DTN)高延迟、数据传输成功率低等问题,提出了一种基于节点综合效能的DTN路由算法SERA。该算法综合考虑移动节点的活跃度和剩余能量,使消息副本向综合效能高的节点扩散。SERA节点活跃度描述了节点的社会和动态特性,SERA尽量将消息副本传递给活跃度高的节点,以提高消息传输的成功率;在选择中继节点时,充分考虑节点的能量状态,以避免能量不足的节点承担更多的信息传输任务,从而提高网络节点的存活率。仿真结果表明,与典型的DTN路由算法相比,SERA能够更好地平衡节点的能耗,获得更高的消息递交成功率和更长的网络生存期。     

红外脉冲强光辐射源中电爆丝爆炸机理研究

利用电爆丝的一种红外脉冲强光辐射新技术,从理论和实验上研究了电爆丝的爆炸机理。用电爆丝绝热加热模型数值模拟了电爆丝在冲击大电流作用下的电爆炸特性,电爆丝根数对电爆炸特性的影响。实验结果与理论模拟相一致。     

高能离子在材料中输运的蒙特卡罗模拟

利用蒙特卡罗方法对高能离子在材料中的输运进行了计算机模拟研究 ,入射高能离子与靶材料的作用近似为核散射和电子作用两个独立的部分 ,核散射能量损失采用经典两体碰撞近似 ,通过对碰撞参数的随机抽样得到散射角 ,电子能量损失高能时采用Bethe-Bloch公式 ,低能时采用Lindhard -Scharff公式 ,中能时采用插值公式。最后对高能铁离子入射于铝、硅材料的输运进行了模拟计算 ,给出了模拟结果并进行了分析。     

高压强流脉冲变压器

在脉冲功率调制系统研究中 ,其核心技术之一是脉冲变压器的研制。本文描述了脉冲变压器的技术要求和结构参数设计 ,并给出了实验测试结果 :变压器的初级电感为 3 6μH ,耦合系数为 0 77。当初级输入电压为 60kV时 ,次级输出电压可达到 50 0kV。     

Experimental investigation on anti-penetration performance of polyurea-coated ASTM1045 steel plate subjected to projectile impact

In this study, the anti-penetration performance of polyurea/ASTM1405-steel composite plate subjected to high velocity projectile was analyzed. Two kinds of modified polyurea material (AMMT-053 and AMMT-055) were selected and a ballistic impact testing system including speed measuring target system and high-speed camera was designed. This experiment was conducted with a rifle and 5.8 mm projectile to explore the effects by the polyurea coating thickness, the polyurea coating position and the glass-fiber cloth on the anti-penetration performance of polyurea/ASTM1405-steel composite plate. The result showed that the effects of polyurea coating position were different between two types of polyurea, and that the effects of glass-fiber position were disparate between two types of polyurea as well. For AMMT-053 polyurea material, it was better to be on front face than on rear face; whereas for AMMT-055 pol-yurea, it was better to be on rear surface although the difference was very subtle. Additionally, formulas had been given to describe the relationship between the effectiveness of polyurea and the thickness of polyurea coating. In general, AMMT-055 had better anti-penetration performance than AMMT-053. Furthermore, five typical damage modes including self-healing, crack, local bulge, spallation and local fragmentation were defined and the failure mechanism was analyzed with the results of SHPB test. Additionally, the bonding strength played an important role in the anti-penetration performance of polyurea/steel composite plate.     

飞行器动力学环境预示技术应用研究

动力学环境试验技术已被广泛应用 ,但动力学环境预示技术还没有得到很好的重视和发展。讨论了几种动力学环境预示方法的特点 ,着重研究了统计能量分析 ( SEA)方法的原理及其应用 ,并以某型号发动机长尾喷管舱为例 ,具体给出其工程分析估计过程     

单基发射药的热自燃数值模拟与其剩余能量变化研究

建立了单基发射药柱热自燃的数学模型 ,根据模型利用数值模拟的方法计算了单基发射药的中心温度与其剩余能量 ,并对中心温度的模拟结果与实验结果进行了比较。解决了其热分解动力学参数的非唯一性问题 ,为装填有单基发射药各种弹药的热自燃计算提供了依据     

Optimizing natural gas pipeline transmission with nonuniform elevation: A new initialization approach

In this paper, we develop an iterative piecewise linear approximation approach with a novel initialization method to solve natural gas pipeline transmission problems with the nonuniform network elevation. Previous approaches, such as energy minimization methods, cannot be applied to solve problems with the nonuniform network elevation because they exclude pressure range constraints, and thus provide solutions far from optimum. We propose a new initialization model that considers pressure range constraints and improves the optimality of the solutions and the computational efficiency. Furthermore, we extend the energy minimization methods and provide the necessary conditions under which the extended methods operate in networks with the nonuniform elevation. We test the performances of the methods with previously reported pipeline networks from the literature, with the open data set GasLib, and with our industrial collaborator. The initialization approach is shown to be more efficient than the method with fixed initial breakpoints. The newly proposed initialization approach generates solutions with a higher accuracy than the extended energy minimization methods, especially in large‐size networks. The proposed method has been applied to natural gas transmission planning by the China National Petroleum Corporation and has brought a direct profit increase of 330 million U.S. dollars in 2015‐2017.     

等离子体与高功率微波相互作用中电子分布特性

电子数密度是表征等离子体物理特性的一项重要因素,在等离子体与高功率微波的相互作用中,等离子体对入射电磁波的吸收、衰减和屏蔽等电磁特性可通过电子数密度的变化进行表征。基于等离子体流体近似研究方法,利用COMSOL软件求解等离子体中的波动方程、电子传递方程和重粒子传递方程,计算分析了等离子体与高功率微波相互作用中的电子分布特性,重点分析了相互作用中平均电子数密度和平均电子能的数值和空间分布变化过程。研究表明,在高功率微波作用下,等离子体区域电子数密度在数值上会产生剧烈的阶跃变化,形成雪崩效应,在空间分布上电子数密度峰值产生趋于入射方向移动的变化;电子能的变化与入射波激励和电子数密度相关,随入射激励增加呈增长趋势,随电子数密度的增加而减小。