The legality of unmanned aerial vehicles outside the combat zone: a case study of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan

The drone is the latest tool to promote interests of a nation-state. It is clear that USA as well as other major powers anticipate that robotics will play a key role in future warfare. Today, more than 70 countries have already acquired drone technology and many others are desperate to join the ranks. This urge for drone technology will ultimately lead to a “boundless and borderless war without end.” In the case of Pakistan, the US drone campaign has raised some important issues regarding how their use could, or should, be regulated in the future. This article analyses the legal issues raised by the US's use of drone technology in non-combat zones, such as Pakistan. It is argued that a reckless disrespect of Pakistan's sovereignty has had adverse implications and consequences for the legitimacy of the Pakistani government. Drone strikes have prompted instinctive opposition among the Pakistani population, hurt their feelings and estranged them from the government. This in turn has added to Pakistan's instability and stimulated a ground-swell of animosity toward the USA.     

BTT导弹制导律研究综述

与STT导弹相比,BTT导弹在气动效率、机动能力、控制性能等方面具有明显优势,但其运动耦合特性也给传统研究框架下的制导律设计带来了挑战。本文针对BTT导弹制导律设计问题展开研究,首先描述了BTT导弹制导基本问题,分析了BTT导弹制导律设计的技术难点,需要综合考虑运动耦合、多约束、目标机动、弹体动态效应等因素,然后综述了国内外现代制导律设计的基本方法,将其分为双通道解耦法、球坐标法、现代几何法等,最后指出了BTT导弹制导律的进一步研究方向。     

机动目标状态估计的最小均方误差界

基于多项式模型的各种自适应滤波算法被广泛应用于机动目标跟踪领域,但尚没有统一的评估标准来衡量这些跟踪算法的优劣。由于存在确定的时变未知输入,机动目标的状态估计实际为有偏估计。基于状态估计均方误差最小的准则,推导了多项式模型滤波的最小均方误差界计算方法,获得了使状态估计均方误差最小的过程噪声方差变化规律。该方法给出了各种基于多项式模型的机动目标跟踪算法的估计均方误差下限,也为机动目标跟踪中最优过程噪声方差的设定提供了依据。仿真结果验证了算法的有效性。     

恒速偏频激光陀螺系统航向敏感误差的在线标定与补偿

以单轴恒速偏频激光陀螺系统为研究对象,建立了静基座初始对准时系统中标定参数变化误差对航向敏感误差影响的数学模型。为克服外场测试环境下难以分别精确估计各标定参数的限制,提出将安装关系矩阵参数误差对航向敏感误差的作用视为一个整体进行标定;不需要外部基准,即可基于最小二乘算法实现航向敏感误差系数的在线标定。采用标定得到的航向敏感误差系数,利用原理样机进行了在线补偿精度实验测试。实验结果表明,所提出的在线标定与补偿方法能够有效消除航向敏感误差,提高初始对准航向角精度。     

AFRICAN REGIONAL ORGANISATION' PEACE OPERATIONS

This paper reviews recent developments among African regional organisations in undertaking peacekeeping operations, as well as in preparing for future missions. It focuses on those that have been the most active: the Organisation of African Unity/African Union, the Economic Community of West African States and the Southern African Development Community. The paper goes on to briefly describe and analyse the activities of the French, UK, and US capacity-building programmes designed to develop African peacekeeping capacities. The author then identifies some specific concerns and recommends actions to help meet today's challenges. The paper concludes with a short analysis of African organisations' capacities and proclivities to provide a peacekeeping force for Sudan.     

两种伪距单点定位模型最小二乘解的等价性证明

针对伪距单点定位解算中存在的两种定位模型的最小二乘解,给出了它们关于位置估计和定位精度等价性的推证过程。描述了伪距单点定位所采用的基本定位模型和单差定位模型,依据伪距观测值精度和单差基准分三种情况分别证明了两种模型的位置最小二乘解和定位精度是等价的,通过实测数据的定位解算验证了两种模型的等价性,并比较了两种模型的最小二乘算法的效率。     

多频激励微波非线性电路分析及其同伦连续算法

本文分析了微波非线性电路在多频激励下的频域稳态响应,给出了同伦连续这一简单有效的算法,结合实际计算了实例。     

载人飞船上升段轨道的Newton迭代设计法

本文对载人飞船上升段轨道的一种工程设计方法进行了探讨。该方法的特点是根据上升段飞行的特征,运用飞行力学原理选定其控制规律的数学模型,然后根据上升段轨道的中间约束条件和终端约束条件,利用Newton迭代法确定模型中的各待定参数。本文给出了该设计方法的流程图,并通过模拟计算论证了该设计方法的可行性。     

再入机动弹头的速度控制

本文详细地讨论了再入机动弹头的速度控制问题。根据优化原理找到了对固定目标进行攻击的最优制导规律,讨论了理想速度曲线的设计方法,以及具体实施减速控制的方法。仿真计算表明,对落速控制的精度是较高的。