Detecting Problems in Military Expenditure Data Using Digital Analysis

The UN asks governments to report key figures of their annual military budgets with the aim of creating trust among member states. This goal can only be achieved if the data reported is accurate. However, although there are many reasons for governments to falsify data, the UN does not check for manipulation. In this paper, we apply Benford’s law to the military expenditure data of 27 states taken from the UN register. Our analysis of the first digits shows that the states with the greatest deviations from the expected Benford distribution and therefore the lowest data quality are the USA and the UK.     

Police Corruption: Towards a Working Definition

According to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) publication Interpretive Guidance on the Notion of Direct Participation in Hostilities under International Humanitarian Law, all civilians (including child soldiers) lose their immunity from direct targeting ‘for so long as’ their actions amount to direct participation in hostilities. All civilians can, however, access the revolving door of protection and return to their civilian activities – complete with full immunity from direct targeting – provided the nature of their direct participation was spontaneous and disorganised. Once it can be ascertained that their participation in hostilities amounts to continuous combative functions, they relinquish their access to the revolving door of protection, and can be targeted at all times until they abandon their formal or functional membership of the belligerent group. This piece analyses how the revolving door phenomenon and the notion of continuous combative functions apply in instances where civilian child soldiers are directly participating in hostilities.     

基于改进LMS算法的复合材料超声检测缺陷识别

在径向基函数（RBF）神经网络实现无人机复合材料超声检测脱粘缺陷识别时,针对最小均方（LMS）算法在确定网络输出权值时存在稳态失调误差和收敛速度相矛盾的问题,提出一种改进的自适应的变步长LMS算法．该算法根据反馈误差自适应确定步长,通过引进动量项加快收敛速度．将改进LMS算法应用到RBF网络缺陷识别中,结果表明该方法在稳态失调误差较小的情况下,能快速确定RBF网络的权值．改进的RBF网络能够较好地识别超声检测脱粘缺陷．     

弹药洞库有害气体分布规律研究

以计算流体力学（CFD）为理论基础,应用GAMBIT软件对洞库内的有害气体进行几何模型构建和网络划分,用FLUENT软件对所建模型中有害气体的扩散和分布规律进行模拟分析,并对单一释放源条件下扩散规律进行比较,分析弹药堆垛对气体扩散的影响．通过对洞库内有害气体的整体分布规律的研究,找到了库房内有害气体浓度最高的位置．最后,通过实验对仿真结果进行验证．     

反舰导弹大空域变轨的三维扩展比例导引律

为了使大空域变轨弹道的理论研究更符合反舰导弹的实际运动状态,建立了反舰导弹追踪虚拟目标的三维空间相对运动模型。同时,为了保证反舰导弹大空域变轨弹道的四段弹道平滑过渡,在导引律设计时同时考虑了脱靶量要求和末端落角要求。应用Lyapunov稳定性理论求解出满足要求的三维扩展比例导引律,对大空域变轨弹道的四段弹道设计了相应的过载控制指令,并进行了仿真研究。仿真结果表明:所提出的三维扩展比例导引律可以使反舰导弹顺利完成大空域飞行任务,而且保证了反舰导弹的所有性能指标均满足要求。     

具有终端约束的制导炸弹模糊变结构制导律设计

针对INS/GPS制导炸弹对地面目标的精确打击问题,提出带落角约束的模糊变结构制导律。在变结构制导律的基础上,引入终端落角约束项,应用模糊规则对所设计制导律中的变结构开关项系数增益进行在线调节。仿真结果表明,在对地面目标进行攻击时,该制导律降低变结构控制系统的抖振,同时满足制导精度和期望落角的要求,具有有效性和鲁棒性。     

US warfare in Somalia and the trade-off between casualty-aversion and civilian protection

This article examines the ways in which the two normative concerns of casualty-aversion and civilian protection influenced US military strategy in the particular context of the asymmetric conflict in Somalia in the early 1990s. The article critically evaluates US military operations through the prism of international humanitarian law and examines whether American forces started prioritizing casualty-aversion over the safeguarding of Somali civilians. Finally, by drawing on emerging moral guidelines (such as Michael Walzer's idea of ‘due care’), the article examines whether lower numbers of Somali civilian deaths could have been achieved if marginal increases to the risks faced by US soldiers had been accepted.     

军事法基市原则的反思与重构

军事法的基本原则是军事法律规范规律性的体现 ,是军事法制定的基础 ,是军事法适用的准则。军事法基本原则的概念及其特征如何 ?军事法基本原则的体系如何构建 ?军事法应该包括哪些基本原则 ?军事法的每个原则的具体内涵应该是什么 ?这些都是值得军事法学界予以关注和探讨的重大学术问题     

线性回归模型系数Stein估计的改进研究

针对线性回归模型病态的根本原因,提出了一类新的估计———c-k型估计,将岭估计与Stein估计统一到一个估计类;研究了这一估计类,证明利用岭回归技术可以改进著名的Stein估计(在均方误差意义下);同时研究了相应参数的最优值,分别给出了它的一个上界及下界,为病态线性回归模型系数的有偏估计提供了改进的技术途径.     

离散变速趋近律抖振机理及鲁棒性研究

研究基于离散变速趋近律的变结构控制设计问题.利用不等式形式到达条件研究变速趋近律的抖振机理,并对其鲁棒性进行分析.研究结果表明,只要不确定因素有界,即可保证闭环系统的鲁棒稳定性,而通过调整变速趋近律自身参数,可以避免抖振并使系统具有良好的动态品质.将理论成果用于某型船舶航向自动舵的设计,实验结果证实了它的有效性.