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Dan Kuwali 《African Security Review》2013,22(3):248-269
The Constitutive Act of the African Union (AU) provides for the right of the continental body to intervene in the face of war crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity. According to its formulation, Article 4(h) intervention entails military force, which is triggered when a target state fails to discharge its duty to protect its population from mass atrocities. Although Article 4(h) is an ambitious statutory commitment to intervene in a member state by the AU, the Libyan crisis in 2011 showed the ambivalence of the continental institution to act in a decisive and timely manner. The AU's failure to invoke Article 4(h) exposed the need for building the capacity and political will to intervene and to interpret Article 4(h). Therefore, the primary focus of this article is on how Article 4(h) should be interpreted. Flowing from the Pretoria Principles, which seek to provide clarity on the implementation of the AU's right of intervention, Article 4(h) should be viewed as a duty rather than a right to prevent or stop mass atrocities. The duty dimension of Article 4(h) derives from the international instruments that AU member states have ratified to prevent mass atrocities. Rather than being a paper tiger, Article 4(h) should be used in a proactive and timely manner as a military option available to the AU to persuade member states to prevent or halt atrocities. As a last resort, military force pursuant to Article 4(h) should aim at protecting the population at risk and pursuing the perpetrators in order to avoid contravening Article 2(4) of the Charter of the United Nations (UN). Although military intervention can save lives in the short term, it cannot necessarily address the underlying, structural causes of atrocities, such as ethnic rivalries, economic inequalities and scramble for natural resources, among others. Therefore, the prevention of mass atrocities should not be equated with, or be seen through the prism of, Article 4(h) intervention alone. The focus should instead be on the entire spectrum of preventive strategies at the disposal of the AU in the face of mass atrocities, including the African human rights system and the African Peer Review Mechanism. 相似文献
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为描述“网络化作战”中C4ISR系统资源的动态集成过程,实现作战任务过程与军事系统资源的分离,在DoDAF2.0、NATOAFv3.0、MoDAF1.2等体系结构框架研究基础上,提出了一种C4ISR体系结构服务视图描述框架.通过服务视图产品的形式化描述,分析了服务视图产品间的逻辑关系,为应对作战任务过程调整重点研究了基... 相似文献
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王华 《中国人民武装警察部队学院学报》2007,23(9):65-66
教育部对CET-4进行了部分改革,改革后的CET-4更加注重以听说为主的英语实际运用能力的检测。根据新CET-4模式的特点以及首次全国考试后学生的普遍反映,结合学院英语教学的实际,提出分级教学、学生参与备课制作课件、开设英语选修课的建议,通过这些新的尝试,进一步帮助学员灵活掌握英语知识,达到活学活用的目的,以提高英语教学质量。 相似文献