Does Military Spending Explode External Debt in Pakistan?

This paper investigates the effect of military spending on external debt in case of Pakistan for the period of 1973–2009. For this purpose, the autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing approach to cointegration is used to examine cointegration among the variables. The ADF, P-P, and ADF-GLS unit root tests are applied to test the integrating order of the variables. The Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and error correction method regressions are used to investigate the marginal impact of military spending on external debt in the long and short run. Our findings indicate the existence of cointegration that confirms the presence of a long-run relationship among military spending, external debt, economic growth, and investment. Further, our results reveal that a rise in military spending increases the stock of external debt; an increase in investment also increases external debt; however, there is an inverse effect of economic growth on external debt. An implication of the findings reported herein is that there is a need to formulate a comprehensive economic policy for curtailing external debt in case of Pakistan.     

做好新版《军语》推广工作的思考

由于推广工作做得不够,《军语》应用情况还不乐观,许多官兵没见过、没用过《军语》,也制约着《军语》服务国防和军队建设作用的发挥。今年,新版《军语》将颁布实施。在新版《军语》推广上应注意提高思想认识、健全推广机构、完善推广规划、改进推广方式。     

《军语》选词范围的变异与规范问题浅析

《军语》选词对象的范围是军队各专业领域,包括各级指战员必须掌握的综合性用语和需要了解的专业性术语。在《军语》的实际编纂中,其选词范围的变异与规范并存。根据《军语》的性质,从主观和客观两方面的原因分析,《军语》选词范围变异主要涉及三个规范化问题。     

AES密码的三种等价形式

分离了AES密码中S盒的仿射变换,得到了与原密码S盒不同的三种等价密码.研究发现列混合矩阵在很大程度上影响仿射变换的提取,在这种意义上提出了对列混合变换的改进建议.     

全局仿射变换条件下图像不变量提取新方法

从仿射几何理论出发,提出了一种全局仿射变换条件下图像特征不变量构造的新方法.利用仿射区域划分获取一组扩展质心集合作为图像特征点集;求解特征点集的凸包,根据扩展质心的性质将凸包顶点均匀组合成若干特征区域;利用仿射几何性质构造了有效的仿射不变量.实验对该方法进行了全面的比较分析,以验证所构造的不变量更具稳定性和高时效性.     

基于Chirp变换的快速离散时间尺度变换

提出了一种新的快速离散时间尺度变换算法。给出了离散时间信号尺度变换的构造表达式及其Chirp变换快速实现流程。讨论了Chirp变换实现中的参数选取准则,分析了Chirp变换的信号带宽问题。讨论了算法的运算效率并与其它算法进行了比较。仿真试验证明了本文算法的有效性。     

Guns and butter? Military expenditure and health spending on the eve of the Arab Spring

We examine the validity of the guns-versus-butter hypothesis in the pre-Arab Spring era. Using panel data from 1995 to 2011 – the eve of the Arab uprisings – we find no evidence that increased security needs as measured by the number of domestic terrorist attacks are complemented by increased military spending or more importantly ‘crowd out’ government expenditure on key public goods such as health care. This suggests that both expenditure decisions were determined by other considerations at the government level.