美国海军水面舰艇导弹防空体系分析

分析了美国海军防空作战思想,在此前提下总结出美海军舰空导弹体系主要的作战任务,说明了美海军典型水面舰艇装备舰空导弹的情况,最后阐述了今后美舰空导弹的发展趋势。     

浅谈民族唱法的演变过程

中国歌唱艺术的民族唱法有广义和狭义之分,本文只是从狭义的角度去研究民族唱法从传统的唱法到“中国唱法”这一演变过程。20世纪上半叶及其之前的这一时期,是“传统民族唱法”的代表时期。随着时代的发展,“传统民族唱法”已不能适应人民的艺术心理需要,中国的声乐开始演变到“土唱法”这种表现形式。当“土唱法”不能适应人民的艺术心理需要时,“学院派唱法”又站到了时代的前沿。到了20世纪末,“中国唱法”诞生,中国的声乐艺术便形成了自己的独立体系,走向了世界的大舞台。     

舰艇近程武器系统对空防御作用与发展

近程武器系统已发展成为舰艇对空防御的最后一道防线。简要介绍了舰艇近程武器系统(CIWS)的组成及特点,主要叙述了CIWS在舰艇对空防御中的重要作用,并提出了未来发展的主要方向。     

烟幕--信息战的"坚盾"

针对信息成为重要战争资源及信息对抗贯穿始终的特点,介绍了烟幕干扰激光、红外、雷达、卫星以及复合干扰、扰乱心理等作用,阐述了点目标防护、野战防空和攻势迷盲等战术应用,展望了烟幕技术的发展趋势.     

In Search of the ‘X’ Factor: Morale and the Study of Strategy

A functional conceptualisation of morale is proposed, which focuses its meaning on motivation and the willingness to act rather than mood and group dynamics. Morale, it is argued, emerges from the subtle interrelationships of the many factors known to affect military means. It can be assessed both qualitatively and quantitatively, allowing the interaction between morale and policy to be explored in a manner that facilitates insight into the strategic process. A case study from the North African campaign of World War II is presented to explore in detail the relationship between morale and the art of war – strategy.     

Underselling Islamist extremism in Sub-Saharan Africa

Islamist extremism as an ideology has seemingly spread in influence in the past few years. The violent Islamist threat may have a singular religious dogma, but that does not mean that it will interact in the same fashion within the various cultures it infests. The Sub-Saharan region is one general context where Islamist extremism is both vividly active and misunderstood. Africa's reaction to: Arabization; the adjustment to post-colonial rule; the perception of secular government institutions; the extent of cultural and religious pluralism; and the local character of Muslim leadership and institutions are all very different from that of the Middle East. Scores of terrorism analysts and even Arab populations only too familiar with the Middle East context superimpose Middle East threats over the Sub-Saharan African cultural landscape. Instead of generalizing the Islamist threats, it might be better to ask why it is that violent Islamist groups have traditionally been challenged to expand their influence in Muslim Sub-Saharan Africa. The underestimated Islamist is using ignorance to its advantage, recruiting through channels unnoticed by its Arab counterparts while creatively catering its message by region.     

Peace as an international public good: An application to Southern Africa

This paper reviews the basic economic concepts relevant to international public goods production and applies them to the case of security and peace in southern Africa. To this end, it extracts from the literature a set of fundamental features that help determine the likelihood of success of any collective action and applies these features to the current southern African context.     

Defence research and development: Encouraging private venture R&D with ‘option’ strategies*

Central to the changes in UK Ministry of Defence procurement policies over recent years has been the attempt to shift risk out of the public sector. In the context of research and development this has taken the form of encouraging private venture investment, so‐called PVR&D. Recognising that the scope for PVR&D is necessarily constrained by excessive risk and imperfect information, this paper explores the possible use of Option contracts as a means of expanding the opportunities for private venture funding.     

AD HOC TRIBUNALS IN AFRICA

International judicial norms developed slowly during the Cold War but have recently begun to draw on the experiences of the Criminal Tribunal in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. These ad hoc bodies had to respond quickly to emergency situations by combining different international approaches to justice and prosecution. The Special Court for Sierra Leone is the latest of these experiments. Despite having had more time for reflective discussion and negotiation, the Special Court faces the same challenge and constraint: the parameters of time and resources are set by political imperatives. The International Criminal Court goes some way to addressing the problems of funding, good judicial appointments and contrasting legal systems, the details of future trials will not be easy. Ad hoc tribunals will probably still have a role to play in cases where the ICC cannot intervene.     

FOOD AID

Abstract

This paper seeks to critically appraise Africa's position within the United Nations Security Council from the inception of the UN in 1945 until the end of 2010, spanning the entire history of the world body. A few factors make such an appraisal a useful exercise. These include the ongoing debates about the reform of the Council in particular and the UN as a whole, and the growing interest that many African students and observers of and actors in international relations seem to have developed in recent years in the working of the world body. In this appraisal, emphasis will be placed on the origin and rationale behind the establishment of the Security Council as well as the use of the veto power by its permanent members, with a special reference to Africa.