论社会诸因素在促进西域乐舞孕育、整合、传承中所起的作用

西域这一特殊的地理区域,各历史时期所显现的乐舞文化特色,都与社会意识形态的不断变化、民族间的融合以及丝绸之路的繁盛有着密切的关系,特殊的生态环境不仅孕育了独特的具有顽强生命力的乐舞文化形态,更丰富了西域民族乐舞文化的精神内涵。     

The Morale Maze: the German Army in Late 1918

The state of the German Army’s morale in 1918 is central to our understanding not only of the outcome of World War I, but also of the German Revolution and, indeed, through the pernicious ‘stab-in-the-back-myth’, on Weimar politics and the rise of the Nazis, too. This article presents new evidence from the German archives, blended with statistical analysis, to show that the morale of some units held up better than previously thought almost to the end, and thus to suggest three things. First, it proposes that some historians have placed too much reliance on English-language sources alone, such as British Army intelligence reports, which have various flaws as evidence. Second, it argues that, while historians have increasingly moved away from generalisations about German morale, this process has further to run. Third, it suggests that no single tipping point can be identified, and that morale alone does not provide a sufficient explanation for battlefield defeat. Indeed, much of the data can only be explained if the tactical realities of the war in late 1918 are clearly understood.