加强执法规范化建设的几点思考

加强执法规范化建设是当前和今后一个时期搞好消防监督执法工作的主要任务。结合多年的消防监督执法工作实践,归纳了当前消防监督执法工作中存在的主要问题,分析了存在问题的主要原因,提出了加强执法规范化建设的措施。     

US warfare in Somalia and the trade-off between casualty-aversion and civilian protection

This article examines the ways in which the two normative concerns of casualty-aversion and civilian protection influenced US military strategy in the particular context of the asymmetric conflict in Somalia in the early 1990s. The article critically evaluates US military operations through the prism of international humanitarian law and examines whether American forces started prioritizing casualty-aversion over the safeguarding of Somali civilians. Finally, by drawing on emerging moral guidelines (such as Michael Walzer's idea of ‘due care’), the article examines whether lower numbers of Somali civilian deaths could have been achieved if marginal increases to the risks faced by US soldiers had been accepted.     

反舰导弹大空域变轨的三维扩展比例导引律

为了使大空域变轨弹道的理论研究更符合反舰导弹的实际运动状态,建立了反舰导弹追踪虚拟目标的三维空间相对运动模型。同时,为了保证反舰导弹大空域变轨弹道的四段弹道平滑过渡,在导引律设计时同时考虑了脱靶量要求和末端落角要求。应用Lyapunov稳定性理论求解出满足要求的三维扩展比例导引律,对大空域变轨弹道的四段弹道设计了相应的过载控制指令,并进行了仿真研究。仿真结果表明:所提出的三维扩展比例导引律可以使反舰导弹顺利完成大空域飞行任务,而且保证了反舰导弹的所有性能指标均满足要求。     

离散变结构控制系统的变速趋近律

首次提出了离散变结构控制的变速趋近律．文中指出,在变速趋近律的制约下,会出现扇形的切换区．给出了扇形切换区准滑动模态的数学模型．     

传热规律对卡诺热泵有限时间(火用)经济最优性能的影响

本文导出了一种较为普遍的传热规律 q∝△(T~n)时内可逆卡诺热泵的最佳供热系数、利润率关系,并藉此讨论了几种传热规律时内可逆卡诺热泵的有限时间(火用)经济最优性能,得到了一些新的普适结果。     

固定形式的变结构控制对应的趋近律

对固定形式的变结构控制对应的趋近律进行了研究,分别推导出用全部状态构成的控制、用部分状态构成的控制以及形式为u＝ueq＋ud的控制所对应的趋近律．     

亚超结合反舰导弹控制规律的选择与分析

针对现代海战的特点,分析了现代海战对反舰导弹的性能需求,提出了亚超结合反舰导弹是未来反舰导弹的发展方向。进一步分析了亚超结合反舰导弹对控制系统的要求,并对未来亚超结合反舰导弹控制系统控制规律的选取作了研究分析,最后提出了亚超结合反舰导弹设计的主要关键技术和应注意的几个问题。     

Interpreting the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

Interpreting the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, by Daniel H. Joyner. Oxford University Press, 2011. 192 pages, $100.     

A NEW STANDARD FOR PREEMPTIVE MILITARY ACTION AGAINST WMD THREATS

International law clearly requires an imminent threat of attack as a justification for the preemptive use of military force. However, the standard definition of an imminent threat was derived centuries before the development of nuclear, chemical, or biological weapons or ballistic missiles and other delivery systems that can reach their targets in a matter of minutes. Any use of force to alleviate threats posed by weapons of mass destruction (WMD) prior to tactical warning of the actual launch of such weapons falls into the legally and ethically controversial category of “anticipatory self-defense,” leaving decision makers potentially liable to prosecution for war crimes. Effective and ethical enforcement of nonproliferation therefore demands a standard for imminence of threat broad enough to allow military action as a last resort but sufficiently restrictive to prohibit indiscriminate action against suspected WMD programs. Following a critical review of selected literature and cases on preemption, the author proposes a new standard for preemptive military action: the existence of operational WMD, or a clandestine program to develop WMD, in contravention of international law. The author discusses the implications of this new proposed standard, which at the time of writing would permit preemptive attack against WMD-armed terrorist groups but prohibit it against all states except Iran and possibly North Korea.     

BEYOND DECLARATIONS OF INTENT

This essay explores the obligations arising from the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organised Crime, signed in Palermo, Italy at the end of 2000. It also discusses the initiatives required to prepare the legal system and related infrastructure of Zimbabwe for its implementation. Zimbabwe joined more than 120 other countries in signing the Palermo convention, but has not yet ratified it. The ratification would enshrine the latest initiatives to develop effective strategies against transnational organised crime. The Palermo convention makes demands on the laws and institutions of states parties which could enhance their capacity to confront organised crime. Ratification signifies competence to implement the prescribed obligations, which can only occur after introducing suitable domestic laws, and adopting the necessary administrative mechanisms. The required reforms are bound to have certain policy and legislative implications for Zimbabwe. Regional initiatives complementary to the Palermo convention are expected to catalyse positive changes in Zimbabwe's response mechanisms.