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291.
292.
高锦田 《中国人民武装警察部队学院学报》2008,24(6):51-55
消防监督检查原则对于规范和制约消防监督检查权的行使具有重要作用。然而,目前消防法律对消防监督检查的原则并没有明确规定,这对于监督和制约消防监督检查权的行使,保护被检查对象的合法权益十分不利。对消防监督检查必须遵循的原则进行了探讨,提出了五项原则,即依法检查原则、比例原则、服务性原则、相对人参与原则和救济原则。 相似文献
293.
在使用马尔柯夫链分析多层防御系统的防御效用值时,发现防御矩阵是否满足乘法交换律将关系到多层防御系统变换部署后的防御效用值,因此有必要对防御矩阵是否满足乘法交换律进行证明。首先介绍了防御矩阵的概念、物理意义、重要性质及计算方法,分析了防御矩阵满足乘法交换律的重要意义,最后综合运用数学归纳法和随机矩阵性质证明了防御矩阵满足乘法交换律的事实,此结论无论对于多层防御系统的防御效用值研究还是矩阵理论研究都有一定的指导作用。 相似文献
294.
ABSTRACTThe making of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) has put Austria and its involvement in nuclear disarmament in the spotlight. This study highlights several factors that led Austria to become a prominent voice in nuclear-disarmament debates. First, its involvement dovetails with the emphasis on humanitarian disarmament it has promoted since the 1990s. Second, a strong antinuclear identity pervades Austrian society. This “nuclear allergy” combines antimilitarism inherited from the Cold War and, more broadly, an aversion to nuclear power, including for energy purposes. These two considerations form the background to the increased activism of the Austrian Foreign Ministry on nuclear disarmament in international fora. But, equally, Austria’s crusade for the TPNW can be attributed to the engagement of a small team of diplomats implementing personal as well as national preferences in favor of disarmament. 相似文献
295.
Jordy Rocheleau 《Journal of Military Ethics》2020,19(2):99-117
ABSTRACT Today, it is widely held that while authorization may be helpful in assuring that the other jus ad bellum criteria are met, legitimate authority is not itself a condition for just recourse to war. Or, if it is necessary, it is said to be a trivial requirement, as mobilization for war requires some political authorization. Those who would retain the legitimacy requirement have differing views about who the proper authority is. I argue that, reasonably understood, legitimate authorization is necessary for jus ad bellum. Considerations of agency and consent in force combine with the social contract to commit us to deferring to recognized authorities. These obligations are strengthened by the epistemic reliability and pragmatic value conferred by governing institutions and procedures limiting recourse to war. These same rationales imply that the U.N. Security Council should regulate the international use of force. I qualify that if higher authorities fail to act, other subsidiary authorities may then authorize force. However, the move to each subsequent level of authorization must be justified. Understood in this way, the requirement that wars not be fought without legitimate authorization is a non-trivial, necessary procedural jus ad bellum condition. 相似文献