三维石英纤维增强氮化物基复合材料的烧蚀性能及显微结构

采用先驱体转化法制备了三维石英纤维增强氮化物基复合材料(3D SiO2f/Si3N4-BN),用等离子射流烧蚀方法研究了复合材料的烧蚀性能,运用扫描电镜及能谱仪对烧蚀表面微观形貌进行了观察和分析。结果表明氮化物基复合材料在高压高热流等离子体烧蚀下线烧蚀率为0.91mm/s,石英纤维熔融并被吹除带走了大量的热量,熔融层抑制了基体的机械剥蚀。基体由于强度高、升华温度高,延缓了熔融层的吹除,表明氮化物基复合材料是一种良好的耐高温烧蚀透波材料。     

Design of infrared camouflage cloak for underground silos

The temperature difference between the exposed surface of an underground silo and the surrounding soil surface is significant, which means a silo can be easily found by infrared detection. We designed an infrared camouflage cloak consisting of an imitative layer and an insulation layer for the silos. The imitative layer is used to imitate the thermal response of the soil to the surrounding environment. The insulation layer is used to weaken the impact of the internal temperature field of the silo on the lower boundary of the imitative layer. A silo model including surrounding soil and a soil model without silo were established, and the influences of the material and thickness of each layer on the infrared camouflage effect were analyzed. The results show that when using a silicone rubber containing alumina powder with a volume fraction of 3.18% as the imitative material, its thermal inertia is in consistent with that of the soil. Meanwhile, it was found that the thickness of the imitative layer doesn’t need to be greater than its thermal penetration depth to achieve the infrared camouflage, and the absence of the insulation layer will cause hot spots on the silo surface in winter to weaken the camouflage effect. The optimized thicknesses of the imitative layer and the insulation layer are 22 cm and 4 cm respectively. The simulations indicate that with the application of the cloak, the maximum value of the absolute values of the temperature differences between the average temperatures of the silo surface and the surrounding soil surface temperatures drops from 1.59 °C to 0.31 °C in summer and from 1.92 °C to 0.21 °C in winter. This designed cloak can achieve an all-weather and full-time passive infrared camouflage.     

Effect of microstructure on short pulse duration shock initiation of TATB and initial response mechanism

Micro-TATB particles with different sizes and 3D nanoporous TATB architectures with different specific surface areas were prepared through recrystallization to study short pulse duration shock initiation properties by electric gun technology. For micro-TATB, the initiation threshold significantly decreases with TATB average size ranging from 79.7 μm to 0.5 μm. For 3D nanoporous TATB architecture, the initiation threshold decreases and then increases with specific surface areas increased from 9.6 m²/g to 36.2 m²/g. The lowest initiation thresholds are obtained for the micro-TATB with average sizes of 1.3 μm and 0.5 μm, and 3D nanoporous TATB architecture with specific surface area of 22.4 m²/g. The shock initiation thresholds of micro-TATB and 3D nanoporous TATB architectures show significantly decreases with the porosity increased. The decomposition reaction and thermal conductivity properties were further investigated to understand the initial response mechanism. High porosity provides more collapse sites to generate high temperature for formation of hot spots. The low thermal conductivity and decomposition temperature could enhance the formation and ignition of the hot spots, and initial decomposition reaction of TATB. The effect of the decomposition temperature is higher than that of the thermal conductivity on the shock initiation properties. The enhanced decomposition reaction could promote energy release and transfer process from the ignition to the combustion. This work offers a new insight to understand the effects of microstructure on the shock initiation properties and the initial response mechanism of TATB.     

高焓CO2气流壁面两步催化机制对非平衡气动加热影响的数值模拟

针对高超声速火星进入飞行遇到的壁面CO_2催化机制特殊且对气动加热影响复杂的问题,基于化学反应系统的三维可压缩流动求解器,建立壁面吸附、Eley-Rideal结合速率受控的壁面CO_2两步催化模型。基于70°球锥布局的高焓风洞实验,进行考虑壁面催化效应的高超声速非平衡气动加热数值模拟,开展考虑CO+O_((s))和O+CO_((s))两类CO_2两步催化路径对非平衡气动加热的影响研究。研究表明,壁面O_2和CO_2结合并存且存在相互竞争关系,催化加热量随催化效率增大而单调增加。数值计算建立了催化路径与非平衡加热水平的定量关联,研究发现CO_2两类催化路径权重与加热量存在非单调关联,特定权重下两种路径联合作用的热流高于单个催化结果。相关研究对碳氧气体主导的壁面催化机理和火星进入气动加热的精细化预测有重要的理论指导意义。     

不同形状粗糙元在诱导超声速边界层转捩中的应用

为了研究不同形状粗糙元诱导边界层转捩机理的差异,采用五阶精度加权紧致非线性格式数值模拟了Ma=4. 20条件下方柱形、圆柱形、钻石形和半球形粗糙元引起的超声速平板边界层转捩问题。结果表明:方柱形粗糙元产生的分离区长度较大,分离区中存在较强的非定常扰动并产生绝对不稳定机制使边界层很早就发生转捩;钻石形粗糙元分离区的展向宽度较宽,导致分离区中的涡结构向下游发展时形成的湍流尾迹区较宽;而圆柱形和半球形粗糙元诱导边界层转捩的能力相对较弱。     

主稀释剂He预热对燃烧驱动DF激光器输出性能的影响分析

针对燃烧驱动连续波DF激光器,对仅预热主稀释剂He的情况下激光器的输出性能进行了理论分析和仿真研究,并与燃料常温条件的结果进行了对比分析。对于燃料体系为(H_2+NF_3+He)+D_2和(C_2H_4+NF_3+He)+D_2的DF激光器,在燃烧室产生的F原子流量不变的条件下,当主He预热至(1100 K,1300 K)时,激光器比功率较常温条件下分别约提高了(21%,24%)和(46%,56%),同时燃烧室所需的燃料消耗分别约减少了(25. 5%,29%)和(32%,36%)。在工程应用方面,主He可成功预热至800℃(1100 K)。因此,主He预热是有效且可行的燃料预热方案,有利于改善激光器的输出性能,为激光器的高效率和紧凑化发展进程提供新的技术路线。     

基于湍流冲击振动的输油管道稳定性研究

要水流冲刷管底形成悬空管道,悬空管道假设为一端固定一端铰支的均质等截面简支梁。在分析管道垂直载荷对悬空管道临界长度影响的基础上,考虑到输油管道振动引起的动应力以及管道振动时的外部阻尼、管道轴向力和内压对管道的作用,对悬空管道进行受力分析,导出管道振动微分方程。以保证管道强度的安全可靠为判据,计算求出悬空管道的临界长度,以便预测管道失稳条件,并对其及时采取稳固及抢修措施。     

基于门限的无线传感器网络密钥管理方案

由于无线传感器网络在能量消耗、内存开销和计算能力等方面的局限性,传统的网络密钥管理方法已不适用。为此提出了一种适用于无线传感器网络的密钥预分配方法——基于（t,n）-门限方案,给出了密钥分配方法,并从方案的连通性、安全性等方面进行了有效的分析,结果表明该算法在这些方面有一定的优势。     

渗硫层对网格化激光淬火表面摩擦磨损性能的影响

利用低温离子渗硫技术在CrMoCu合金铸铁网格化激光淬火表面制备了渗硫层,分析了其形貌组成与结构,考察了渗硫激光复合表面的摩擦学性能。结果表明:渗硫层表面疏松多孔,在淬火区域硫化物颗粒细小,结构致密,其相组成主要为FeS;在干摩擦条件下,渗硫层能降低网格化激光淬火表面的摩擦因数,提高其耐磨性能,其主要原因是硫化物及摩擦化学反应生成的氧化物能在摩擦表面形成边界润滑膜,抑制了磨粒磨损和粘着磨损,有效减弱了网格化激光淬火表面"摩擦台阶"效应。     

水下近距爆炸作用下弹性钢板处的空化特性研究

弹性钢板在水下近距爆炸作用下,冲击波会使其附近流体形成局部空化,脉动气泡会使流体形成锥形空化。利用平面冲击波理论对局部空化的形成特性进行了研究,理论分析了结构目标尺度的变化对空化区域形成的影响,并通过具体试验对局部空化理论进行了验证,两者符合较好;通过试验和数值仿真方法研究了气泡脉动引起的锥形空化的形成特点,初步分析了锥形空化的形成原因。结果表明,锥形空化对结构具有较大的冲击作用。