Resource allocation with lumpy demand: To speed or not to speed?

In the classical EPQ model with continuous and constant demand, holding and setup costs are minimized when the production rate is no larger than the demand rate. However, the situation may change when demand is lumpy. We consider a firm that produces multiple products, each having a unique lumpy demand pattern. The decision involves determining both the lot size for each product and the allocation of resources for production rate improvements among the products. We find that each product's optimal production policy will take on only one of two forms: either continuous production or lot‐for‐lot production. The problem is then formulated as a nonlinear nonsmooth knapsack problem among products determined to be candidates for resource allocation. A heuristic procedure is developed to determine allocation amounts. The procedure decomposes the problem into a mixed integer program and a nonlinear convex resource allocation problem. Numerical tests suggest that the heuristic performs very well on average compared to the optimal solution. Both the model and the heuristic procedure can be extended to allow the company to simultaneously alter both the production rates and the incoming demand lot sizes through quantity discounts. Extensions can also be made to address the case where a single investment increases the production rate of multiple products. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2004.     

Properties of some stochastic orders: A unified study

The notions of the likelihood ratio order of degree s (s ≥ 0) are introduced for both continuous and discrete integer‐valued random variables. The new orders for s = 0, 1, and 2 correspond to the likelihood ratio, hazard rate, and mean residual life orders. We obtain some basic properties of the new orders and their up shifted stochastic orders, and derive some closure properties of them. Such a study is meaningful because it throws an important light on the understanding of the properties of the likelihood ratio, hazard rate, and mean residual life orders. On the other hand, the properties of the new orders have potential applications. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2004.     

穿浪双体船尾板减阻数值分析

基于RANS方程,采用RNG k-ε湍流模型和VOF两相流模型,研究了尾板长度与安装角度对穿浪双体船总阻力的影响规律.计算结果表明:尾板可以调整穿浪双体船的航态,达到有效降低阻力的目的;减阻在一定速度范围内有效,减阻的效果取决于尾板安装角度和长度,但阻力的减少并不与安装角度和长度成比例,最佳的安装角度约为3°～6°,长度约为1％～2％ LWL.     

基于角速率输入的圆锥误差补偿算法

针对光纤陀螺姿态测量系统中利用角速率拟合角增量进行圆锥误差补偿精度下降的问题,在陀螺仪角速率输入下,采用参数解析法优化的三子样算法,直接利用陀螺的角速率输出进行圆锥误差补偿。同时考虑工程实际中滤波器的影响,推导滤波角速率输入下三子样误差补偿算法的具体表达形式。仿真分析表明：参数解析法优化的角速率输入圆锥误差补偿算法优于传统算法;而针对滤波器引入的不可忽略的算法误差,可通过修正圆锥算法系数进行补偿。     

激光加热辅助引弧微爆炸加工工程陶瓷的试验研究

为验证激光加热辅助技术改善引弧微爆炸加工质量和提高加工效率的可行性,探索加工工艺参数对加工过程的影响规律,设计了激光加热辅助引弧微爆炸加工试验系统,并通过试验研究了工艺参数对材料去除率和崩碎的影响规律。试验结果表明：激光加热辅助引弧微爆炸加工陶瓷可以提高材料去除率,改善崩碎情况;加工效率随激光功率的增加而提高,随光斑尺寸的增大而降低,随距离的增加先提高后降低;崩碎随激光功率的增加而减少,随光斑尺寸的增大先减少后增多,随距离的增加先减少后增多。研究结果为激光加热辅助引弧微爆炸加工机理的研究和工艺参数的优化提供了参考依据。     

TNT生物代谢的可能途径

因具有毒性和三致作用,污染环境介质中TNT去除倍受关注。为了能更有效地去除TNT,在总结大量文献的基础上,主要从TNT反应性质方面探讨其生物代谢途径。TNT的结构决定了TNT难于生物氧化、易于生物还原。TNT还原以硝基基团的序批式还原为主,一些中间代谢产物还会相互作用生成聚合物,产物TAT需在严格厌氧条件下生成;TNT的芳烃环也可实现加氢脱硝还原,以利于下一步反应的进行;此外,TNT可同时发生硝基还原和芳烃环还原,两条途径的中间产物还会相互作用生成一些聚合物。TNT的氧化以间接氧化为主,直接氧化很少。由于TNT本身结构的复杂性、反应条件或介质的不同、中间产物的多样性,使得TNT代谢途径还具有很大的不确定性,故仍需进行深入研究。     

粗糙集理论在装备保障训练效果评估中的应用

装备维修保障训练效果评估中最关键的步骤就是评估指标体系的构建及优化,为了克服传统评价方法中存在指标关联性大和权重确定主观性强的问题,将粗糙集和信息熵理论引入装备维修保障训练效果评估领域。采用信息熵的算法对连续指标离散化,基于粗糙集区分矩阵的方法对指标体系进行属性约简,降低了模型的复杂性;在此基础上提出了粗糙集属性重要度和AHP法相结合确定指标权重的方法,进而通过专家评议应用于训练效果评估实例,得到了较好的评估效果,为装备维修保障训练评估提供了新的参考方法。     

平行度动态测量的新方法

平行度测量是舰船设备系统标校的前提,传统的平行度测量方法需要依赖"星"或"标"的配合,由于舰船所在位置的限制,可能不具备设置"星"或"标"的条件,利用夜空的星星也很受限。为克服环境条件对标校的限制,可以采用角速率陀螺作为传感器动态测量指向设备的平行度,推出了计算俯仰和旋回零位误差的公式,并对器件误差的影响进行了估算,计算结果说明现有的角速率陀螺器件的精度能满足本测量方法的需求。该研究成果可在舰船设备系统标校中运用,以克服传统方法依赖外界条件的难题。     

Stein–Chen approximation and error bounds for order fill rates in assemble‐to‐order systems

Assemble‐to‐order (ATO) is an important operational strategy for manufacturing firms to achieve quick response to customer orders while keeping low finished good inventories. This strategy has been successfully used not only by manufacturers (e.g., Dell, IBM) but also by retailers (e.g., Amazon.com). The evaluation of order‐based performance is known to be an important but difficult task, and the existing literature has been mainly focused on stochastic comparison to obtain performance bounds. In this article, we develop an extremely simple Stein–Chen approximation as well as its error‐bound for order‐based fill rate for a multiproduct multicomponent ATO system with random leadtimes to replenish components. This approximation gives an expression for order‐based fill rate in terms of component‐based fill rates. The approximation has the property that the higher the component replenishment leadtime variability, the smaller the error bound. The result allows an operations manager to analyze the improvement in order‐based fill rates when the base‐stock level for any component changes. Numerical studies demonstrate that the approximation performs well, especially when the demand processes of different components are highly correlated; when the components have high base‐stock levels; or when the component replenishment leadtimes have high variability. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2012     

潜艇对声纳浮标阵定位及规避策略

航空反潜战中,潜艇处于不利地位,如何提高潜艇对抗反潜机的作战能力,是亟待解决的问题。分析了潜艇通过拖曳综合浮标和电子支援措施Electronic Support Measure(ESM)设备对声纳浮标阵进行估计定位的单站双址交叉测向和基于方位角变化率的方法,以及潜艇方位角、角速率和航速对定位误差的影响。建立了潜艇对声纳浮标位置估计模型,提出了潜艇突破声纳浮标阵封锁应采用的规避策略。结果表明,潜艇可以对声纳浮标进行定位,为潜艇规避声纳浮标阵提供参考。