SWAZILAND

The election of Sheik Sharif Sheik Ahmed as the transitional president of Somalia was the climax of the United Nations (UN)-led Djibouti peace process. The election, it was hoped, would herald the beginning of the reconstitution of the Somalian state. Unfortunately, nearly three years after the event, that has still not happened. The government of Sheik Sharif has faced a number of challenges which are yet to be resolved. In the end, the Djibouti peace process has not guaranteed a stable and functional national government in Somalia.     

FOOD AID

Abstract

This paper seeks to critically appraise Africa's position within the United Nations Security Council from the inception of the UN in 1945 until the end of 2010, spanning the entire history of the world body. A few factors make such an appraisal a useful exercise. These include the ongoing debates about the reform of the Council in particular and the UN as a whole, and the growing interest that many African students and observers of and actors in international relations seem to have developed in recent years in the working of the world body. In this appraisal, emphasis will be placed on the origin and rationale behind the establishment of the Security Council as well as the use of the veto power by its permanent members, with a special reference to Africa.     

EXTRAORDINARY VISITS

North Korea has the bomb but not much of a nuclear arsenal. For fifty years, it pursued the plutonium path to the bomb in parallel with its pursuit of nuclear electricity. My visits to North Korea's Yongbyon nuclear complex provided a window to its plutonium capabilities. After having made six visits to North Korea, Pyongyang surprised me during my seventh visit last November by showing me a small, modern uranium enrichment plant, which I was told was needed for its new indigenous light water reactor program. However, the same capabilities can be used to produce highly enriched uranium bomb fuel. Following a pattern of having made poor risk-management decisions during much of the past twenty years of diplomacy dealing with the North Korean nuclear threat, Washington remains in a standoff with Pyongyang.     

EDITOR'S NOTE

The Nonproliferation Review (NPR) recently interviewed Ambassador Sergio de Queiroz Duarte of Brazil, who presided over the 2005 Seventh Review Conference of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). Ambassador Duarte discussed his views on the outcome of the conference and the future of the treaty. He provided NPR with valuable insights into the outcome of the conference and also shared his thoughts on some of the most pressing issues confronting the NPT today, including the Middle East, nuclear terrorism, elimination of the threat of highly enriched uranium in the civilian nuclear sector, proposals to limit access to the nuclear fuel cycle, nuclear disarmament, and negative security assurances. Blaming the failed conference on a general lack of political commitment among states parties and their unwillingness to negotiate common solutions, Ambassador Duarte stressed that “the conference should face squarely its own failure without my attempting to disguise or sugarcoat the deep differences of view, which must be resolved with courage and determination by the states parties if they want the treaty to remain effective.”?He emphasized that if states fail to act on their overriding interest in upholding the NPT, especially if states parties continue to ignore or disregard their nonproliferation and nuclear disarmament obligations, some states might come to believe that their security interests are no longer served by the treaty. The future prospects of the NPT would then “look dire indeed.”     

Beyond Iran: Containing Nuclear Development in the Middle East

ABSTRACT

Several states in the Middle East have noted their interest in nuclear energy programs, but current cost and timeline estimates understate the difficulties that these states will face. A state-level analysis of nuclear development capacities in Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Jordan, Turkey, and the United Arab Emirates suggests that building nuclear infrastructure in the region will, in fact, be a lengthy and expensive endeavor, due to concerns such as export constraints, public opposition, a lack of human resources, and high overhead costs. This has implications for nuclear weapon nonproliferation: first, fears that these developing nuclear energy capabilities may facilitate possible weapon proliferation are premature, and second, there is time to ensure that any burgeoning nuclear infrastructure in the region remains safe and civilian in nature.     

GENDER AND ATTITUDES TOWARD PROFESSIONAL ETHICS

This study was designed to examine the influence of gender and age on attitudes toward professional ethics among a sample of the Nigeria police officers. Using a cross-sectional survey, data was collected from a total of 163 participants. Results revealed that gender and age were significant predictors of unethical beliefs; female and older police participants were also more ethical than their male and younger counterparts. These findings were discussed in the context of socialization theory, Gilligan's moral development theory and other organisational practices, while its practical implications for the recruitment, selection and placement in the Nigeria police were also emphasized.     

ADVANCING THE GOALS OF NPT ARTICLE VI

International technical cooperation on issues relevant to the challenges of nuclear disarmament can demonstrate commitment to obligations under Article VI of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, strengthen the security of fissile materials and weapons, and develop technical approaches to support more ambitious disarmament activities in the future. Including non-nuclear weapon states would ensure that their views are taken into account and would invest them in developing solutions to key challenges. This article discusses three areas for technical cooperation that would build on past activities and that could produce such benefits as improved protection, control, and accounting of nuclear weapons and fissile material; enhanced transparency for nuclear weapon complexes; and mechanisms for international management of sensitive civilian nuclear facilities. International cooperation in each of these areas could provide a technical basis for pursuing possible future disarmament negotiations and substantively demonstrate commitment to Article VI.     

火控雷达有源诱饵三点源布局研究

火控雷达由于特殊的工作方式更容易受到反辐射导弹的攻击,为火控雷达配备有源诱饵并研究其合理的布局方式非常必要．基于有源诱偏技术的基本原理,以三点源诱饵系统为研究对象,建立了一种新型的布局模型．为避免采用某种特定布局进行仿真并比较的研究方式,模型通过变动雷达在整个诱饵系统中的布局位置实现了对各种布局形状的仿真,获得了系统诱偏效果与雷达位置的对应关系．仿真结果表明,系统的诱偏效果与雷达到诱饵中心位置的距离有关,找到了火控雷达在诱饵系统中最合适的布置区域,使系统达到最优的诱偏效果．     

吊放声纳主动工作方式探测域建模与仿真

水声环境对于吊放声纳搜潜效果影响很大,以往的水声环境对吊放声纳探测影响建模尚未涉及吊放声纳立体探测域,不能为吊放声纳搜潜战术研究提供有效支撑.在对声传播损失、海洋环境噪声和混响进行深入分析和建模的基础上,根据吊放声纳探测机理建立了主动探测概率模型,仿真分析了吊放声纳主动探测概率的三维空间分布,并提出了吊放声纳搜潜战术应以三维非连续探测域为基础,结合战法实验等新手段进行不确定性研究的建议.     

采用无线携能技术的中继辅助CR-NOMA系统能效分析

针对现有关于认知无线电非正交多址接入网络的研究中终端电池容量有限和能源利用率低的缺点,采用了中继辅助用户进行传输,并且引入无线信息和能量同时传输的方式。在用户服务质量和最小能量捕获的约束条件下推导了次用户传输能效表达式,通过分式规划方法把非凸的目标函数转化为优化中继发射功率、中继功率分配和接收端功率分配三个凸的单目标问题,并分别用函数单调性、黄金分割算法、拉格朗日对偶算法和多目标联合优化算法进行优化,求得了全局最优解,使次用户系统传输能效最大化。对所采用的算法复杂度进行分析,仿真结果表明:与传统的正交多址接入方案相比较,在提高系统频谱利用率的同时,次用户传输能效有47%的提高。