Why did Sudan Lose a small war in Southern Sudan?

ABSTRACT

When on the wrong end of an asymmetry in the projection of hard power, weaker sides countenance the grim arithmetic of avoiding direct and massed confrontations. Invariably, insurgents have over the ages tended to employ indirect tactical methods to render their stronger opponents ineffective. Ultimately – interest asymmetry, regime type, asymmetries of strategy, and external intervention – combine in a complex interplay and pattern, to militate against a strong side. In Sudan, these factors interacted throughout the civil wars to produce regional autonomy and finally an independent South Sudan in 2011. Similar strategic logic had confronted many large African states battling insurgencies in Ethiopia, Angola, Nigeria, Zaire, and apartheid-era South Africa. Oftentimes, weakening public resolve has caused these governments to accommodate, capitulate or withdraw even if they try not to blink. Notwithstanding the regime type, it can be concluded that the majority of strong actors are prone to fail in a protracted, asymmetric conflict. Hence, the notion of linking victory in counterinsurgency to the degree of openness (democratic polyarchies); or closeness (totalitarianism) – is still valid but highly contestable in the case of Africa’s large dysfunctional states.     

Colonial violence and its ‘Small Wars’: fighting the Kuki ‘guerillas’ during the Great War in Northeast India, 1917–1919

ABSTRACT

This paper concerns the lesser known British counterinsurgency (COIN) operations in Northeast frontier of India during the First World War. Officially known as the ‘Kuki Operations’, it was considered as part of the Great War. Carried out in isolation from press and public, and shelved in colonial archives, the event remained invisible until today. Yet, it registers a critical case of colonial COIN doctrine where the ‘moral effect’ doctrine was employed without being questioned. It unleashed enormous amount of organized violence, ranging from shoot at sight to indiscriminate burning of villages, wholesale destruction of property and livestock, prevention of cultivation and rebuilding of villages, forced mass displacement in jungles or in ‘concentration camps’, and collective punishment (communal penal labour and payment of compensation) after the war. This paper argues that the theory of ‘minimum force’ and the practicability of the ‘moral effect’ doctrine as applied by the Empire, sit oddly with each other at the frontier, where violence was seen both as a natural and moral orders. Violence as an ‘imperatively necessary’ method to bring order in a disorderly frontier, in the opinion of colonial state, informs and registers Northeast India as geography of violence.     

支持部队模拟训练的指控与仿真系统互操作性语言

部队指控系统的广泛应用对指控训练提出更高要求.仿真系统开始越来越多地应用于训练中,为之提供真实的指控训练环境.部队模拟训练系统中实装指控系统与基于仿真的训练支撑环境的互操作性问题是一个急待解决的问题.互操作性概念参考模型用于确认两者间交互的信息类型,是互操作性研究的基础.模拟训练系统中互操作性研究的重点集中在指控与仿真系统互操作性语言的研究上,主要体现在公共数据模型、形式化语法和形式化语义3个方面.     

临近空间拦截弹非线性控制系统性能研究

针对临近空间高超声速拦截弹执行机构非线性特性影响控制系统响应,提出基于次优控制理论及bang-bang控制理论对该问题进行研究.针对舵偏角速率饱和影响控制系统响应,通过改进正定阵P,Q来确保系统响应特性;针对舵偏角饱和影响控制系统响应,通过建立bang-bang开关曲线,分析推导出开关切换次数及最优时间表达式;最后仿真结果表明临近空间拦截弹的舵偏角饱和严重影响飞行控制系统的快速性.     

侵入和不变流型的坦克炮控伺服系统研究

针对坦克炮控系统未知齿隙及摩擦,设计了基于性能的新型控制器.提出了基于侵入和不变流型(I&I)的未知参数估计率的构造方法,使调节函数的选取及I&I估计率的设计变得直接简便.由于未知齿隙及摩擦被充分的描述成有界扰动与非线性动态项的组合,从而避免了将其简单的考虑成“总扰动”所造成的被控系统性能的损失.该控制器可有效抑制负载扰动及参数变化所带来的影响.同时通过快速准确的估计系统参数实现了对指令信号快速精确的跟踪.     

黄页服务的合同网在编队武器目标分配中的应用

海上舰艇编队协同作战面临的环境日益复杂,其武器目标分配呈现出了多智能体系统的涌现性、协同性和动态性.将编队武器目标分配问题转化成多智能体系统来研究,根据黄页概念建立了编队武器智能体的黄页服务,运用基于黄页服务的合同网协议实现了编队范围内的武器目标分布式分配.     

公安边防部队遂行边境封控任务探究

边境封控行动事关国家安全和社会稳定大局,已成为新的历史条件下公安边防部队重要的职能和任务。分析公安边防部队边境封控行动的主要任务,探讨边境封控行动的特点和原则,提出公安边防部队边境封控行动的主要方法。     

基于公开信息源的我国海防研究文献计量分析

采用文献计量学统计分析方法,以CNK《中国学术文献网络出版总库》为主要数据源,检索我国海防相关文献,从海防研究文献增长、文献来源、作者及机构情况、关键词词频以及学科类别与研究层次等方面进行计量分析,揭示不同历史时期海防问题的社会关注度,分析海防研究的现状、热点及趋势。     

谈外国旅游团来琼免签政策实施的不足与完善

外国旅游团来琼免签政策是目前我国实施时间最长、最宽松的区域性免签便利政策。阐述了外国旅游团来琼免签政策沿革演变历程,从入出境管理和边防检查的角度分析了其施行过程中存在的不足与原因,提出了完善免签政策的措施。     

TOT培训模式对我国警务硕士培养的几点启示

TOT培训是对培训者的培训,是欧盟开展成人教育的一种创新模式.通过浅析TOT培训模式,结合我国警务硕士培养目标和要求,从警务硕士培养理念、培养方法、管理与评估等方面提出了开展警务硕士专业学位研究生培养工作的几点思考.