Country survey XII: South Africa

This article examines the relationship between defence expenditure and economic performance in South Africa, both prior to and after that country's first fully democratic election in 1994. Prior to 1994 defence expenditure decisions were largely dominated by non‐economic factors; since then defence spending has declined in reaction to, inter alia, the need to address a number of socio‐economic inequities.

After 1975 in particular, military industrialisation in South Africa placed a disproportionately high burden on the country's industrial resources and natural economic and technical capabilities. However, although this suggests that the opportunity cost of domestic arms production has been fairly high, the country's poor economic and development performance since the mid‐1970s is a function of underlying structural deficiencies and institutional constraints rather than the consequence of inordinately high defence spending levels.     

基于声矢量传感器原理的目标被动定向算法

声测被动定向是声学监视技术的重要研究内容.为了实现对低空运动目标的声学监视,提出了一种基于声矢量传感器原理的被动定向方法,推导出了基于互谱法声强测量技术的定向算法,并对定向算法进行了分析和数值仿真.仿真表明:当传感器尺寸为0.28m、信号信噪比为5dB时,定向精度在2.5°以内.仿真结果说明,该定向算法是正确可行的,有较大的实用价值.该研究成果可直接用于空中运动目标,如飞机、导弹和无人机等目标的声测被动定向.     

基于Gabor谱方法的跳频信号参数盲估计

提出了一种基于Gabor谱的未知跳频信号参数盲估计方法。该方法利用Gabor谱能量集中、时频分辨率高、交叉项干扰小的特点,在未知任何先验参数的情况下,能够准确估计出跳频信号的跳频频率、跳变时刻和跳频信号驻留时间等参数。通过计算机仿真得到了较为准确的估计结果,验证了该算法的有效性。     

双极化天线的通信信号检测方法

在详细分析与探讨信号防御性能的基础上,对利用边界扫描的大区域通信信号电路体系进行了探讨,提出以TD-SCDMA网络为基础的双极化天线通信信号检测系统。通信信号检测过程中,用嵌入式处理器LPC2148结合四阶累积量的切片检测出TD-SCDMA信号,并通过估计获得TD-SCDMA信号的采样率,经过二次谱算法的运算,获得谱峰间的距离来估计出OVSE码的周期参数。以标准验证芯片为中心,针对相同类型的混合信号电路组建验证电路,最终完成对验证模块DOT4MBST及验证电路的检测验证。测试结果表明,提出的双极化天线的通信信号检测系统能够在错综复杂环境中,对通信信号进行精确的采集,且鲁棒性强。     

无动力运载器出水过程误差分析

无动力运载器在出水过程中受海浪的扰动作用,运动参数会产生一定的偏差。针对海浪随机性的特点,应用波能谱理论,在P-M谱基础上构建了随机海浪模型,并使用四元数法建立运载器水弹道数学模型,解决了运载器垂直出水姿态角存在的奇异性问题,通过采用二元切片法给出波浪力的计算公式。最终在Matlab/Simulink仿真工具箱下建立了运载器仿真模型,就不同海况与主浪向角影响下运载器出水的运动参数偏差进行了仿真计算,分析了其变化规律。仿真结果表明,运载器在4级海况以下各项运动参数都满足出水要求,对运载器的设计与使用具有一定的参考意义。     

From adversity to prosperity

This article interrogates the continuing relevance of the contractarian governance paradigm to resource governance and the impact of exploitation on the local population and environment in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Zimbabwe and Ghana. It highlights the susceptibilities of their governance processes, particularly the roles of the elites of the host communities, the multinational corporations, and the governing authorities in appropriating resources for their personal interests, resulting in tensions and conflicts. This scenario is borne out of inept leadership, as well as the defective and compromised administrative mechanisms operational in these countries. In view of this, the article underscores the need for a ‘new governance management paradigm’ anchored on a communitarian framework, which incorporates all stakeholders, to guarantee sustainable peace and prosperity, particularly in conflict zones. The article therefore concludes that achieving a nexus between forestry, mining activities and economic development in these countries will require a restructuring of the existing governance mechanisms; and advocates for a new governance model capable of curbing the excesses of local and foreign hegemony, including a total overhaul of the seemingly compromised supervising authority.     

基于奇异谱分析的盲源分离单通道语音增强算法研究

针对盲源分离算法无法直接对单路含噪语音信号进行分离的问题,提出一种基于奇异谱分析的盲源分离单通道语音增强算法.通过对单路含噪语音信号进行奇异谱分析,将其低频分量作为第二路观测信号,利用改进的最大信噪比盲源分离算法进行处理,从而实现语音信号和噪声的分离.实验结果表明,该算法能够有效抑制噪声,提高信噪比,起到良好的语音增强效果.     

一类带容量限制的运输问题

考虑一类带容量限制的运输问题.采用构造辅助网络的方法,将运输网络中的每个配送中心均拆分成两个节点,构造出新弧,形成新的网络,把此类运输问题转换为最小费用流问题来解决.并在此基础上,考虑运输网络中配送中心的容量扩张问题.     

基于多元回归理论的油液光谱分析诊断方法

利用多元回归理论对光谱数据建立了多元回归诊断模型,并且建立了回归方程以及回归系数的检验方法,给出了异常磨损的界限值,最后通过诊断实例证明了该模型有一定的应用价值。     

一种新的混沌雷达信号源的设计

基于考必兹(Colpitts)混沌振荡器,给出了一种新的混沌雷达信号源。这种混沌电路通过电容耦合两级改进型考必兹混沌电路实现。给出了基本改进型和两级耦合后的信号产生电路仿真结果,并对这种混沌雷达信号源和单级考必兹混沌电路的输出信号频谱进行了比较。