Interstate border disputes in Africa: Their resolution and implications for human rights and peace

Many researchers have focused on the role colonialism has played in causing interstate border disputes in Africa. Besides the colonial issue, this paper seeks to investigate what other factors fuel interstate border disputes in Africa and determine how effectively the disputes can be resolved. In recent decades, Africa has been tormented by and is still experiencing numerous interstate border disputes which have serious implications for the disputing states. Some of the disputes are resolved, but violations of human rights and instability still occur in these regions. By analysing the content of some relevant documents and with the use of interviews, this paper reveals that most disputing African states rely heavily on foreign intervention (especially by their erstwhile colonial masters) in the resolution of their disputes. It is argued that African leaders need to be more committed and exhibit better leadership in resolving their border disputes, and that they should always seek the expertise of African forums such as the African Union (AU) before calling for foreign intervention. It is suggested that African leaders and the AU understand the problems of Africans better than anyone else, and they are also the ones mostly greatly affected by these disputes. Thus, there needs to be more of a focus on addressing the root causes of disputes in order to avoid them resurfacing, rather than seeking to merely halt them.     

一种基于部分搜索的GNSS模糊度解算方法

为解决LAMBDA算法搜索策略效率不高的问题,提出了一种基于部分搜索的模糊度解算新方法。该方法的解算成功率接近LAMBDA算法,且只需对最后3维模糊度元素采取搜索策略。同时,通过合理设定搜索椭球的大小和搜索策略;大大提高了搜索效率。通过实验对该新算法与Bootraping算法、LAMBDA算法进行了比较分析,进一步验证了该新算法的有效性。     

北斗系统三频载波相位整周模糊度快速解算

北斗导航定位系统播发三个频率观测值,有助于载波相位整周模糊度的快速、准确固定。传统的几何无关模型三频载波相位模糊度固定算法通常采用遍历整数搜索的方法确定载波相位-伪距组合系数,组合后的噪声因子较大,模糊度固定成功率不高。在分析了北斗系统伪距测量误差特性的基础上,给出了加权组合噪声因子的定义及其约束下的最优组合系数的求解方法。采用Hatch滤波提高电离层延时误差实时估计精度,成功固定三组线性无关组合系数对应整周模糊度,进而确定基础整周模糊度。利用北斗系统短基线、长基线实测数据对算法性能进行了验证,实验表明:提出的算法可优化超宽巷、宽巷组合噪声因子20%以上,模糊度固定成功率提高10%~18%左右,30s历元平滑后的基础模糊度固定成功率可达90%以上。     

一种新的星载高分辨宽测绘带SAR运动目标检测与参数估计方法

针对星载多通道高分辨宽测绘带合成孔径雷达系统,提出了一种地面运动目标检测和参数估计方法,该方法利用空时自适应处理进行杂波抑制,采用传统SAR成像处理得到模糊的运动目标图像,接着利用恒虚警检测技术检测出所有运动目标,包括真实目标和由于多普勒模糊引起的虚假目标,再根据模糊图像的空间位置关系,从所有成像目标中检测出运动目标的真实成像位置,根据运动目标的斜距历程得到因运动目标速度引起的图像位置偏移,由此估计得到运动目标速度。该方法具有运算量小、检测精度高等优点,星载仿真数据验证了本文方法有效性。     

一种快速确定GPS整周模糊度的方法

GPS初始整周模糊度的求解是利用载波相位进行测量时的关键问题,采用了对系数矩阵进行QR分解的方法,用以降低矩阵的维数。模糊度搜索时,针对Z变换可能会引入多余误差,采用了对称三角分解法对协方差矩阵进行去相关处理。实验与仿真结果表明,定位误差在0.5 cm以内,方位角和仰角误差在0.1°以内。     

Minimum violations and predictive meta‐rankings for college football

This article presents two meta‐ranking models that minimize or nearly minimize violations of past game results while predicting future game winners as well as or better than leading current systems—a combination never before offered for college football. Key to both is the development and integration of a highly predictive ensemble probability model generated from the analysis of 36 existing college football ranking systems. This ensemble model is used to determine a target ranking that is used in two versions of a hierarchical multiobjective mixed binary integer linear program (MOMBILP). When compared to 75 other systems out‐of‐sample, one MOMBILP was the leading predictive system while getting within 0.64% of the retrodictive optimum; the other MOMBILP minimized violations while achieving a prediction total that was 2.55% lower than the best mark. For bowls, prediction sums were not statistically significantly different from the leading value, while achieving optimum or near‐optimum violation counts. This performance points to these models as potential means of reconciling the contrasting perspectives of predictiveness versus the matching of past performance when it comes to ranking fairness in college football. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 61: 17–33, 2014     

顾及时空语义的多主题瓦片数据优化检索方法

针对虚拟地球可视化中多个逻辑图层叠加产生大量同名瓦片索引重叠引起的数据无效访问和内存冗余等问题,提出顾及时空语义的瓦片数据优化检索方法。在客户端实现顾及时空语义的自适应瓦片优选,将视点信息与数据集的时空范围、分辨率和优先级等语义信息自动匹配与自适应筛选过滤,显著提高目标瓦片数据的命中率;在服务器端实现面向主题的内存数据库瓦片数据缓存,进一步提高瓦片数据二次访问的响应速度。实验表明,该方法不受逻辑图层增量影响,保证目标瓦片较高的命中率,缓存方法进一步提升瓦片二次访问效率,显著提高面向多数据集的海量数据实时可视化性能。     

翼栅绕流流场数值模拟及动力性能研究

基于2D不可压缩定常流动的控制方程,对5个NACA4412非对称翼型组成的平面直列翼栅绕流流场进行了数值模拟,对比分析了同一翼型在翼栅中工作和单独绕流时的升、阻力情况,验证了翼栅装置工作的可行性,反映了翼栅绕流的客观规律性。结果表明:翼栅翼型头部流速和压力急剧变化,尾部出现流涡尾迹,前部是负压区,后部是正压区,内部流速大,压力小;在1/3弦长附近翼栅翼型表面压力出现拐点,拐点之前翼型上下表面压力差较大,拐点之后翼型上下表面压力差较小;翼栅内部流场具有相似、相近性,外部流场差异性较大;翼型的压力差是产生升力的主要原因。     

一种高分辨SAR层析成像方法

在城区建筑三维重建中,如何利用非均匀的少量观测数据,在保持方位向-距离向分辨率的同时实现高度向的高分辨成像是SAR层析面临的一个主要难题.在确定性点目标模型下,基于RELAX算法,提出了一种适用于城区建筑三维重建的SAR层析高分辨成像方法.与统计模型下的空间谱估计方法相比,该方法无需多视处理,能够保持方位向-距离向分辨率.与奇异值分解方法相比,该方法具有更优的高度向分辨能力.在仿真数据和Envisat-ASAR实测数据处理实验中,该方法的有效性得到了验证.     

英语歧义的理解与修辞功能

基于英语学习者有时候为歧义所困 ,从语义学和语用学的角度讨论了英语歧义的分类、理解和修辞功能 ;通过实例进行研究和分析 ,指出了影响歧义理解的主要因素并提出了相关对策 ;介绍了歧义的积极作用 .