Competing with channel partners: Supply chain conflict when retailers introduce store brands

Private‐label products are of increasing importance in many retail categories. While national‐brand products are designed by the manufacturer and sold by the retailer, the positioning of store‐brand products is under the complete control of the retailer. We consider a scenario where products differ on a performance quality dimension and we analyze how retailer–manufacturer interactions in product positioning are affected by the introduction of a private‐label product. Specifically, we consider a national‐brand manufacturer who determines the quality of its product as well the product's wholesale price charged to the retailer. Given the national‐brand quality and wholesale price, the retailer then decides the quality level of its store brand and sets the retail prices for both products. We find that a manufacturer can derive substantial benefits from considering a retailer's store‐brand introduction when determining the national brand's quality and wholesale price. If the retailer has a significant cost disadvantage in producing high‐quality products, the manufacturer does not need to adjust the quality of the national‐brand product, but he should offer a wholesale price discount to ensure its distribution through the retailer. If the retailer is competitive in providing products of high‐quality, the manufacturer should reduce this wholesale price discount and increase the national‐brand quality to mitigate competition. Interestingly, we find the retailer has incentive to announce a store‐brand introduction to induce the manufacturer's consideration of these plans in determining the national‐brand product quality and wholesale price. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2010     

Zernike矩的不变性分析及其改进

Zernike矩作为一种基于区域的形状描述子,具有良好的旋转不变性,能够很好地提取图像内部的形状信息。介绍了Zernike矩的定义,对其不变性进行了深入分析,并对Zernike矩算法进行了改进,使其在具有良好的旋转不变性的基础上,也具有较好的平移不变性和比例不变性。结果表明,改进后的Zernike矩具有更好的不变性,可更好地应用于图像识别中。     

太赫兹粗糙金属目标镜面雷达散射截面预估方法

在太赫兹频段,研究金属目标表面粗糙度对雷达散射截面(Radar Cross Section,RCS)的调制作用,对粗糙金属目标的RCS缩比测量具有重要意义.通过研究太赫兹粗糙金属目标镜面RCS随粗糙度的变化规律,结合相干、非相干散射理论,在基尔霍夫近似法的基础上,提出一种特定参数区间粗糙金属目标镜面RCS的预估方法,并...     

AGWN信道中相关干扰对JTIDS接收机干扰效果分析

相关干扰是目前研究的对抗联合战术信息分发系统(JTIDS)比较有效的干扰样式,文中主要针对相关干扰对JTIDS接收机的干扰效果问题进行了深入研究。在建立了AGWN信道中相关干扰下JTIDS接收机模型的基础上,推导了接收机输出误比特率公式,并通过仿真和分析,得到了不同信噪比条件下接收机的最佳检测门限值以及误比特率与干信比的关系曲线,最后研究了干扰频偏对干扰效果的影响。研究表明,相关干扰对JTIDS接收机有着良好的干扰效果,并且对干扰频偏敏感。     

Information disclosure with endogenous channel structure

This article investigates the firms' optimal quality information disclosure strategies in a supply chain, wherein the supplier may encroach into the retail channel to sell products directly to end consumers. We consider two disclosure formats, namely, retailer disclosure (R-C) and supplier disclosure (S-C), and examine the optimal disclosure format from each firm's perspective. We show that either firm prefers to delegate the disclosure option to its partner when the supplier cannot encroach. However, the threat of supplier encroachment dramatically alters the firm's preference of disclosure. The supplier may prefer the S-C format to the R-C format when the entry cost is low and the disclosure cost is high to achieve a higher quality information transparency. Meanwhile, the retailer may prefer the R-C format to the S-C format when the entry cost is intermediate to deter the possible encroachment of the supplier. In this sense, the firms' preferences of disclosure format can be aligned due to the threat of supplier encroachment. The consumer surplus is always higher under the S-C format while either disclosure format can lead to a higher social welfare. We also consider an alternative scenario under which the supplier encroaches after the product quality information is disclosed. An interesting observation appears that the supplier may encroach when the product quality is low but foregoes encroachment when the product quality gets higher.     

装备环境应力归纳技术研究

对实测振动数据通过随机性检验和谱分析进行编辑确认和分离性测量分析,得到实测功率谱密度曲线;采用Arrhenius和Manson-Coffin模型对实测温度数据的周期分量和随机分量进行等效平均和等效循环处理,得到实测温度应力剖面;采用基于修正容差上限技术对实测应力进行修正,实现剖面综合,得到综合环境试验剖面。     

三角域上带多个形状参数的二次Bézier曲面片

对于三角域上二次Bézier曲面的形状调整问题,给出了带6个形状参数的拟二次Bernstein基函数。分析了该组基函数的性质,并由此组基函数定义了三角域上带形状参数的二次Bézier曲面片,该曲面片不仅具有三角域上二次Bézier曲面片的性质,而且在控制网格保持不变的条件下,具有形状可调性。形状参数具有明确的几何意义。实例表明：构造的曲面为几何造型中的曲面设计提供了有效的方法。     

浅谈高层建筑竖向疏散通道防排烟问题

烟气毒害是阻碍人员疏散和实施救援行动、致使人员伤亡的主要原因之一,因此,做好高层建筑的防排烟设计,提高防排烟系统的实际效用,有着极其重要的意义。分析了高层建筑防排烟设计的重要性,并以竖向疏散通道防排烟系统设置为例,介绍了高层建筑防排烟设计工作中存在的问题以及相应的改善策略。     

基于参数化建模的车轮形药柱形状优化

固体火箭发动机装药设计过程中,较高的装填分数往往导致药柱的应力应变较大,结构完整性不易满足要求,为了解决这一问题,将参数化建模方法与遗传算法相结合,对车轮形药柱进行形状优化.采用MSC.Patran软件的二次开发工具PCL (Patran Command Language)建立车轮形药柱的参数化有限元分析模型,能够根据...     

基于两级隐式形状模型的抗遮挡目标跟踪

为解决遮挡条件下的目标跟踪问题,提高定位精度,提出一种基于两级隐式形状模型的目标跟踪算法。首先利用Fast Hessian检测子提取待跟踪目标及周围区域的局部关键点区域构建码本字典,用SURF描述子获取码本的特征描述矢量建立码本支持模型,然后利用广义Hough变换建立码本字典集与目标之间的共生关系,通过隐式形状模型进行在线学习更新,最后通过寻找投票空间中的极大值来对目标进行定位,根据跟踪过程中目标遮挡程度的不同,分别赋予目标自身码本投票及周围码本投票不同权重,提高不同遮挡状态下目标定位精度。实验结果表明,在目标被遮挡甚至不可见或者丢失后重新回到视场时,该算法均能鲁棒地定位出目标。