OPTING OUT OF THE IRON TRIANGLE

Between the 1960s and the 1990s, the US chemical industry went from lobbying against the Geneva Protocol and promoting increased funding for chemical warfare to refusing to produce binary chemical weapons and assisting with the negotiations of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC)—even though the treaty included provisions that could be costly to industry. What happened in those thirty years to make the US chemical industry reverse its position on chemical weapons? This article argues these changes were largely caused by the chemical industry's desire to reform the negative public image it had acquired due to its involvement in the Agent Orange scandal and other high-profile incidents during the 1970s and 1980s. The chemical industry's assistance with CWC negotiations may be explained after an examination of the US public policy literature, which argues that industry will support apparently costly regulations if doing so helps it repair a damaged public image and ensures greater profits in the long run.     

SiC纤维表面CVD SiC涂层对其单丝强度的影响

采用化学气相沉积(CVD, Chemical Vapor Deposition)工艺在KD-I型SiC纤维表面制备了SiC涂层,选择2h、4h、6h和8h四个时间点研究了沉积时间对纤维性能的影响.结果表明:具有CVD SiC涂层的SiC纤维较无涂层的纤维来说强度有所下降;在所研究的沉积时间范围内,随着沉积时间的增加,涂层的厚度有所增加,涂层由不连续的岛状转变为连续层状,纤维的单丝强度出现了先升后降的趋势.     

HF化学激光器燃烧室中燃料配比的数值分析

利用最小自由能法及质量流量守恒原则,对HF化学激光器的NF3-D2-He体系的化学平衡组分进行了计算,提出了F原子摩尔流量密度参量,分析了各输入气流的流量调节对燃烧室总温、总压、F原子产率等的影响.在燃料配比不变的情况下,总流量的增加使得F原子流量也成比例增加,而由此带来的总压升高引起的F2解离度、绝热燃烧温度、F原子...     

高超声速风洞热化学非平衡流场辐射谱的数值计算

以轴对称的热化学非平衡N -S方程为控制方程 ,采用双温度 11组元反应气体模型 ,数值求解高超声速热化学非平衡流场。在此基础上 ,采用“线—线”精细辐射模型计算流场的辐射谱特性 ,在 0 15～ 2 μm区间计算了40 0 0 0个光谱分布点处的辐射发射、吸收系数 ,得到了高焓风洞实验条件下的流场辐射光谱分布及该条件下主要辐射组元NO的辐射光谱分布。计算表明 ,振动温度对辐射有重要影响     

气体化学反应速率的 DSMC 方法

为预报化学反应过程,应用ＤＳＭＣ方法研究了双原子分子的离解反应,讨论了高温情况下（Ｔ～Ｅａ／ｋ）采用由实验测定得到的反应速率与气体温度间Ａｒｒｈｅｎｉｕｓ经验关系式的可靠性问题,分析了振动热非平衡效应对于离解反应速率的影响,给出了由ＤＳＭＣ方法得到的离解反应速率与气体温度的关系曲线。     

基于敏感性分析的DF化学动力学模型的简化

基于两种燃料体系下的DF详细化学反应动力学模型,利用敏感性分析的方法,分别提出了相应的简化反应机理.简化过程中发现,仅考虑DF“冷反应”泵浦过程,忽略掉高振动激发态,忽略掉D2和DF分子的离解复合反应对整个系统影响不大.DF分子之间以及DF与D、D2、HF之间的能量转移反应具有较高的敏感性.简化机理在有效概括DF化学反...     

化学非平衡尾迹流场的数值计算

高超音速化学非平衡尾迹流场的分析及计算是再入空气动力学的一个重要课题。本文采用轴线极限方程,成功地消除了控制方程在轴线上的奇性;采用二阶精度的中心差隐格式,求解了抛物化的Ｎ－Ｓ方程,得到了２０ｋｍ及６０ｋｍ再入时尾迹流场的数值解。计算结果表明,在远尾迹场,对电子数密度的主要影响是Ｏ_２的吸附反应。     

在线并列生产装置固有火灾危险度评估

石油化工生产工艺装置复杂 ,工艺控制参数苛刻 ,处理的物料大都具有易燃易爆等特殊的危险性。针对石化生产装置的共同特点 ,通过三套在线并列存在的炼油生产装置 ,从物料特性、工艺装置、工艺控制参数、操作控制等方面综合分析其火灾危险因素 ,并采用美国道化学公司火灾、爆炸危险指数评价法评估装置间的固有火灾危险 ,为消防安全设施的配置以及灭火预案的制定提供依据。     

案例教学在《化学事故应急救援》课程中的应用

案例教学首先要了解“案例教学法”的含义及特点,在此基础上介绍《化学事故应急救援》的课程特点,并就该课程案例教学实施过程中案例的选取、课堂案例讨论、案例总结与评价等问题进行分析,最后对案例教学实施中应注意的问题提出三点意见。     

An Analysis of the Threat of Malicious Chemical Use by Nonstate Actors: Questioning the State-based Approach to Chemical Nonproliferation

ABSTRACT

This study seeks to evaluate the threat of malicious chemical use by non-state actors. It finds that non-state actors have primarily turned to ready-to-use crude chemical weapons (CW) instead of traditional CW agents. Interestingly, the worst crude CW attacks have been more destructive than those employing traditional CW. Scenarios for catastrophic consequences exist, but chemical attacks have typically been used to accomplish tactical goals, which leverage psychological and economic impacts. Therefore, successful efforts to counter CW proliferation by non-state actors must be substantially different from those targeting states.