面向新化学威胁形式的防护技术与装备

近年来,化学威胁的形式发生了变化,出现了类化学战、化学恐怖以及针对平民和环境的次生危害,给防化科研和防化工作提出了新的挑战。分析传统化学战与这三类新化学威胁形式的异同点发现,这些新威胁形式之间有着较多的共同点,而与传统化学战威胁形式则有较大差异。中国拥有为数众多的大型化工生产、储存设施,这些设施很可能成为袭击的目标,因此必须转变化学防护观念,尽快研究防化新技术、新装备,建立国家动员机制。     

化生恐怖活动特点及防范探讨

探讨化生恐怖活动中可能使用的化学和生物制品的种类、化生恐怖活动特点及可能使用的手段,研究提出了几点防范构想,希望能有助于在反恐斗争中防化兵作用的研究和发展。     

气体样品红外吸收系数测定方法研究

对气体样品红外光谱吸收系数的测定方法进行了探讨,包括气体样品的发生定量、浓度和吸收系数的测定与计算．对两类毒剂的模拟剂DMMP等样品的吸收系数进行了测定,并对测试结果进行了分析与讨论．     

固相微萃取技术及其在毒剂分析中的应用

综述了固相微萃取的装置,原理、发展及其在毒剂分析中的应用．     

火箭尾气扰动电离层及其应用研究

大型火箭二次点火时,排放出的尾气中含有大量的化学物质(主要成分是CO2和H2O),可以显著改变电离层密度,进而影响电波的传播,因此具有现实的应用价值.讨论了火箭尾气在电离层高度的扩散过程和相应的离子化学过程,理论计算了火箭尾气排放后电离层电子密度的响应过程.结果表明,火箭所排放的尾气能够使得电离层F区的电子密度显著减少,进而形成"电子空洞".最后在此现象的启发下,简单论述了空间人工释放化学物质扰动电离层技术在军事方面的应用前景.     

加油站移动式油气回收工艺及装置应用研究

加油站收油作业中存在大量油气损耗,不但造成资源浪费,而且带来了严重的安全隐患.在综合多种加油站油气回收技术的基础上,提出了加油站移动式油气回收装置及工艺技术方案.它不仅提高了油气回收效率,具有经济实用,操作简便等特点,而且实现了一套装置多个加油站的灵活共用.它还改善了现有的固定吸附式油气回收装置所存在的占地面积大,投资...     

拱顶罐量油孔油气逸出及扩散数值模拟

为了模拟拱顶罐量油孔油气逸出及逸出后的扩散过程,基于k-ε湍流理论建立了拱顶罐量油孔油气逸出扩散控制方程组,采用数值模拟方法重点讨论了不同罐内压力条件下油气逸出速度和量油孔附近油气浓度的变化.模拟结果表明罐内压力随时间变化与已有理论推导结果吻合;由于罐内正压,油气逸出速度很大,并且均在1 s左右达到峰值;在距离量油孔孔口2 m范围内,油气浓度偏高,无论是从安全、环保还是从人员健康方面考虑,都应采取措施降低油气浓度.     

All Together Now? Questioning WMDs as a Useful Analytical Unit for Understanding Chemical and Biological Weapons Proliferation

ABSTRACT

The popular use of the term “weapons of mass destruction” (WMD) can be understood to imply a relationship between nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons proliferation insofar as it assumes that the separate weapons technologies can be usefully grouped into a single analytic category. This article explores whether WMD is actually a useful construct. It begins by reviewing the literature on nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons proliferation, including a recent study that sought to estimate the relationship between the pursuit and acquisition of these different weapons. It then explores some policy inferences that academics and policy makers may be tempted to draw from these studies, particularly regarding the Barack Obama administration's pursuit of deep nuclear reductions. It argues that many of these policy inferences are premature at best and misleading at worst. It concludes with a call for additional research into the causes and consequences of chemical and biological weapons proliferation, and a call for scholars to remain cautious in their desire to draw premature policy implications from their studies in order to be “policy relevant.”     

ALBANIA'S CHEMICAL WEAPONS CON

In 2003, the Albanian government declared that in late 2002 it had discovered a heretofore unknown cache of 16 tons of chemical weapons. Tirana requested and received assistance from the West in securing and destroying the materials, a task completed in 2007. Albania has been lauded for its responsible handling of the discovery and for being the first nation to complete the destruction of its chemical weapons under the terms of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). This article argues that the Albanian government has always knowingly possessed the weapons, keeping them a secret until a post-September 11, 2001 international focus on weapons of mass destruction made it politically worthwhile for Tirana to declare and destroy them. The likelihood that the governments of the West turned a willful blind eye to this chain of events is troubling for the credibility of the CWC and confidence in nonproliferation measures in general. Finally, the author recommends measures to avoid and address similar situations in the future.     

乳化餐饮废水的化学破乳条件优化

为了有效地解决餐饮废水中乳化油分离处理这个技术难题,采用化学破乳法对餐饮废水进行研究,得到不同化学试剂的最佳质量浓度,并通过复配实验总结出最佳复配组合.结果表明:小分子醇类的质量浓度越大,醇类单链越长,则破乳作用越显著,加入正丁醇至总体积分数为4%有较好破乳效果;少量添加有机絮凝剂阳离子聚丙烯酰胺可以提高除油效果,但用量过高反而会起到反作用,质量浓度为100~200 mg/L较为适宜;金属离子所带的正电荷越高,破乳效果越好,选择质量浓度为200 mg/L的CaCl2较为适宜.根据复配实验可知,同时加入正丁醇至总体积分数为4%和CaCl2质量浓度为150 mg/L,可以取得更好的组合破乳效果.