Book review

La Conversion économique du secteur militaire, J. FONTANEL, Economica, Paris, 1994, pp. 112. Paperback. ISBN 2–7178–2650–5.     

MILITARY EXPENDITURE AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN MIDDLE EASTERN COUNTRIES: A DYNAMIC PANEL DATA ANALYSIS

Defence expenditures have both costs and benefits to the economy. The costs of defence expenditures are mainly emphasized as opportunity costs. On the other hand, defence spending may have growth‐promoting potential benefits: a rise in defence spending may result in a higher aggregate demand, production and employment. This paper examines empirically the effects of military expenditures on economic growth for Middle Eastern countries and Turkey, for the time‐period 1989–1999. The relationship between military expenditure and economic growth is investigated by using cross‐section and dynamic panel estimation techniques. Empirical analysis indicates that military expenditure enhances economic growth in the Middle Eastern countries and Turkey as a whole.     

Determinants of military expenditure and the role of globalisation in a cross-country analysis

Abstract

Anecdotal evidence offers conflicting views on the impact of globalisation on military expenditure. We contribute to the existing literature by investigating the effect of globalisation on military expenditure in 82 countries for the period, 1989–2012. After introducing economic and strategic variables into the model, we utilise the dynamic panel generalised method of moments system to estimate the relationship in the variables. The empirical findings reveal that globalisation reduces both military burden and real military expenditure. The findings are consistent, irrespective of the globalisation indicator adopted. The policy implications of the results are explained.     

The impact of defense and non‐defense public spending on growth in Asia and Latin America∗

For a three‐sector Feder‐Ram framework, we present time‐series, cross‐sectional estimates for two cohorts, consisting of Asian and Latin American countries. The estimates indicate that private investment, and defense and non‐defense public spending are growth promoting for alternative error components representations. For the best error components representation, greater growth enhancement is associated with the two forms of public spending in Asia than in Latin America, while the opposite comparison characterizes private investment. Although defense is growth promoting, an opportunity cost exists insofar as non‐defense spending, financed by defense spending, appears to give a small net boost to growth in Latin America.     

Military Expenditure,Endogeneity and Economic Growth

Abstract

While not always a concern for the general economic growth literature, the debate over the effects of military spending on growth continues to develop, with no consensus, but a deepening understanding of the limitations of previous work. One important issue that has not been adequately dealt with is the endogeneity of military spending in the growth equation, mainly because of the difficulty of finding any variables that would make adequate instruments. This paper considers this issue, using an endogenous growth model estimated on a large sample of 109 non-high-income countries for the period 1998–2012. The empirical analysis is framed within an instrumental variable setting that exploits the increase in military spending that occurs when unrest in a country escalates to turmoil. The estimation results show that endogeneity arising from reverse causality is a crucial issue, with the instrumental variable estimates providing a larger significant negative effect of military spending on growth than OLS would. This result is found to be robust to different sources of heterogeneity and different time periods.     

变距离静电电位检测研究

针对现有非接触式静电检测装置存在检测距离近且距离固定等问题,提出了对电位测量进行距离补偿的变距离静电电位检测方案。首先,从电位测量的基本原理出发,分析了距离测量误差与电位测量误差的关系,验证了精确测距的重要性,即要满足电位测量相对误差σV≤±10%,所选测距方式的距离测量相对误差-4.65%≤σd0≤5.41%的技术指标。然后,通过实验研究了检测距离与感应电位的关系,验证了0.5 m内对静电电位变距离测量的可行性,得到了对电位测量进行距离补偿的公式雏形Vs(V a,d)=Va(a+bd)c。依据此公式雏形以及大量的重复实验,可以得到公式中的各项参数值,编入单片机可实现对静电电位的变距离检测。     

基于XML的武器装备作战需求核心数据管理方法

武器装备作战需求核心数据管理是作战需求分析的基础。针对目前作战需求缺乏统一的底层数据管理标准的现状,制定了基于XML的核心数据存储、抽取和一致性检验策略,实现了作战需求核心数据的管理。实践应用表明,该方法能够为需求论证工程化提供有效的底层数据支撑。     

多源文本数据真值发现方法

针对传统真值发现算法无法直接应用于文本数据的问题,提出基于深度神经网络面向多源文本数据的真值发现算法(NN_Truth)。根据文本答案多因素性、词语使用多样性以及文本数据稀疏性等特点,将“数据源-答案”向量作为网络输入,识别答案真值向量作为网络输出,依据真值发现的一般假设,无监督学习各数据源答案向量间关联关系,并最终获得答案真值。实验结果表明,该算法适用于文本数据真值发现场景,较基于检索的方法及传统真值发现算法效果更优。     

实弹射击弹着点定位算法研究

弹着点定位是实弹射击中实现自动报靶的关键。利用弹头撞击钢质靶板产生的振动波到达四个顶点上的振动传感器的时间差,来实现弹着点的定位。弹着点的位置定位算法,利用两次加权的方法,消除噪声等因素产生的误差,最后经过实验测试,分别对一次、二次加权的结果进行仿真以及数据的拟合。结果证明,该算法对弹着点的位置估计随着加权次数的增加,也会更加接近实际值。     

北斗GEO卫星用户算法的改进方法研究*

针对北斗GEO用户算法需要进行5?倾角的坐标旋转处理这一过程,本文提出了采用经典广播星历参数用户算法直接解算北斗GEO卫星位置的改进方法,并同时给出了相应的基于第二类无奇点根数的广播星历拟合算法。该算法采用第二类无奇点轨道根数代替经典轨道根数,解决了由GEO轨道的小倾角特性引起的经典广播星历参数拟合过程中法化矩阵奇异的问题。从而避免了北斗GEO用户算法中坐标旋转处理过程,减少了GEO用户算法的计算步骤。经过仿真验证,本文提出的改进方法在卫星轨道拟合过程中与原算法精度相当;在卫星轨道外推过程中与原算法相比略有精度损失,但仍满足用户导航定位精度的需求。最后,采用实际北斗GEO星历解算的轨道数据验证了改进算法的有效性。