A note on defence spending in turkey: New findings

The relationship between defence spending and economic growth has been examined extensively in recent years using the Feder (1983) model. These studies suffer from poor statistical results. In this paper, the earlier findings of Sezgin (1997), which used the Feder model are re‐estimated. Firstly, the stationarity of variables is tested. Due to the non‐stationarity of some variables, regressions are performed using first differences of variables. Secondly, lags are introduced into the Feder model. The statistical results are highly improved. Not only is a strong positive association between defence spending and economic growth found for Turkey, but also human capital is positively correlated to Turkish economic growth with a lag.     

Alternative models of Greek defence expenditures

This paper models and estimates Greek defence spending over the 1950–1989 period. It employs the Stone‐Geary welfare function and estimates levels of defence expenditures by the Engle‐Granger two‐step procedure. The Dickey‐Fuller test regression for cointegration is specified in terms of the significance of additional augmentations. The Deaton‐Muellbauer functional form is then employed and an estimating equation for the expenditure share of defence is derived. This specification is compared with the levels equation through a number of non‐nested tests involving model transformation.     

基于改进March SS算法的存储器测试技术研究

摘要：针对存储器的特点,介绍了存储器简化的功能故障模型．基于一种既可以测试静态简化故障又可以测试动态简化故障的MarchSS算法,提出了一种改进的存储器测试算法MarchSSI算法．该算法不仅能测出MarchSS算法测试的所有功能故障,而且能够覆盖MarchSS算法遗漏的故障,使算法故障覆盖率有了一定的提高．通过仿真,验证了算法的可行性．     

语言测试的反拨效应与英语测试改革的几点建议

目前,我国英语测试种类繁多,并对教学产生了一些负面影响,致使英语教学存在着一定的应试倾向,而语言测试的正反拨效应,即以测试促进教学的作用却没有得到充分体现。如何使测试对教学起到促进作用,解决此问题的关键就是修改英语测试的题型,使题型多样化,尽量采用能考查学生语言应用水平的题型,并增设英语口语水平测试。通过语言测试的正反拨效应促进英语教学,提高英语教学质量。     

FE modeling of concrete beams and columns reinforced with FRP composites

Compression and flexure members such as columns and beams are critical in a structure as its failure could lead to the collapse of the structure. In the present work, numerical analysis of square and circle short columns, and reinforced concrete (RC) beams reinforced withfiber reinforced polymer composites are carried out. This work is divided into two parts. In thefirst part, numerical study of axial behavior of square and circular concrete columns reinforced with Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) and Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer (BFRP)bars and spiral, and Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) wraps is conducted. The results of the first part showed that the axial capacity of the circular RC columns rein-forced with GFRP increases with the increase of the longitudinal reinforcement ratio. In addition, the results of the numerical analysis showed good correlation with the experimental ones. An interaction diagram for BFRP RC columns is also developed with considering various eccentricities. The results of numerical modeling of RC columns strengthened with CFRP wraps revealed that the number and the spacing between the CFRP wraps provide different levels of ductility enhancement to the column. For the cases considered in this study, column with two middle closely spaced CFRP wraps demonstrated the best performance. In the second part of this research,flexural behavior of RC beams reinforced with BFRP, GFRP and CFRP bars is investigated along with validation of the numerical model with the experimental tests. The results resembled the experimental observations that indicate significant effect of the FRP bar diameter and type ont he flexural capacity of the RC beams. It was also shown that Increasing the number of bars while keeping the same reinforcement ratio enhanced the stiffness of the RC beam.     

多退化模式下的电子装备可靠性建模

通常加速退化分析中退化失效只考虑或者假设只有一个退化通道,而实际上很多情况下会存在多退化模式.产品的各个退化通道间的关系存在随机性,即任意两个退化通道间不可能只是单一的相关或者独立.在考虑这种相关性的条件下,深入研究了电子产品的性能退化理论和机理,提出了两个多退化模式竞争失效的数学模型,分别阐述了退化通道相关与独立的两种不同情况下产品可靠度评估方法.     

步进加速退化试验及其在电子产品可靠性评估中的应用

为快速评估具有高可靠、长寿命特点的电子产品的可靠性,提出了使用步进加速退化试验技术的方法。文中首先给出了步进加速退化的试验方法及基本假设,然后给出了步进退化数据向恒加退化数据的折算方法,在此基础上提出了基于伪失效寿命的步进加速退化可靠性评估算法,最后利用试验数据对该方法进行了验证。该方法与恒加退化试验相比,在保持样本量不变的基础上,可以极大地缩短试验时间,因此,具有更高的效费比。     

Dynamics in pastoral resource management and conflict in the Borana rangelands of southern Ethiopia

Based on primary and secondary data, this paper provides a qualitative account of current changes in the pattern of natural resource management as a result of resource degradation and conflict in the Borana rangelands of southern Ethiopia. Population pressure, recurrent drought and the depleted carrying capacity of pastoral resources, as well as the encroachment of neighbouring ethnic groups, present the Borana community with a significant challenge. The diminishing resilience of traditional politico-judicial institutions under the famous Gada system often result in the rise of new forms of land use such as farming and private enclosures, which compete with the traditional communal tenure system. The gradual collapse of traditional norms and value systems and the apparent inefficiency in the formal administrative structures have exacerbated the problems of resource degradation and conflict between multiple resource-users.     

基于退化量分布的某型电连接器寿命预测方法

使用基于退化量分布的方法对某型电连接器进行了寿命预测,得到了其可靠度曲线并预测出其平均寿命为398 895 h。通过对各加速应力水平下所有样品的退化量进行拟合优度检验,得出退化量在各测量时刻最优服从正态分布,进而确定了退化量均值、方差与温度应力之间的关系。为了提高估计精度,使用极大似然法进行整体统计推断获取未知参数的估计值,并基于参数值与温度的关系外推出样品在工作温度下的可靠度函数。通过可靠度曲线的比较,获知样品寿命较好地服从对数正态分布,并基于此进行了平均寿命预测。     

Discriminating between the Weibull and log‐normal distributions

Log‐normal and Weibull distributions are the most popular distributions for modeling skewed data. In this paper, we consider the ratio of the maximized likelihood in choosing between the two distributions. The asymptotic distribution of the logarithm of the maximized likelihood ratio has been obtained. It is observed that the asymptotic distribution is independent of the unknown parameters. The asymptotic distribution has been used to determine the minimum sample size required to discriminate between two families of distributions for a user specified probability of correct selection. We perform some numerical experiments to observe how the asymptotic methods work for different sample sizes. It is observed that the asymptotic results work quite well even for small samples also. Two real data sets have been analyzed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2004