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191.
We examine the behavior of a manufacturer and a retailer in a decentralized supply chain under price‐dependent, stochastic demand. We model a retail fixed markup (RFM) policy, which can arise as a form of vertically restrictive pricing in a supply chain, and we examine its effect on supply chain performance. We prove the existence of the optimal pricing and replenishment policies when demand has a linear additive form and the distribution of the uncertainty component has a nondecreasing failure rate. We numerically compare the relative performance of RFM to a price‐only contract and we find that RFM results in greater profit for the supply chain than the price‐only contract in a variety of scenarios. We find that RFM can lead to Pareto‐improving solutions where both the supplier and the retailer earn more profit than under a price‐only contract. Finally, we compare RFM to a buyback contract and explore the implications of allowing the fixed markup parameter to be endogenous to the model. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2006. 相似文献
192.
随着网络信息技术的更新换代,网络空间日益成为国际安全博弈的新兴领域。网络空间安全博弈的核心在于对国家利益的争夺和维护,关键环节在于如何通过各种策略方式对别国施加影响,进而达成本国利益诉求。对于如何区分和评估网络空间安全博弈策略,当前学界尚未形成统一共识,不同学者之间提出的策略分类存在明显交叉甚至相互矛盾。本文梳理分析了国家行为体在网络空间安全博弈中主要采取的控制、损耗、拒止三种策略,从实施策略的技术可行性、己方实施策略所需付出的代价大小、策略实施后对目标国国家行为造成的影响三方面讨论了各种网络空间安全博弈策略在不同条件以及不同目的下的适用性,最后从各种网络空间安全博弈策略的特征属性出发,结合本国网络安全环境进行深入分析,提出了对加强我国网络安全建设具有借鉴、启发意义的对策建议。 相似文献
193.
王鹏 《国防科技大学学报》2017,39(4)
针对高超声速飞行器倾侧转弯(BTT)过程中俯仰、偏航和滚动通道间的强烈耦合,提出一种耦合控制策略。首先,针对高超声速飞行器快时变、非线性和强不确定性的控制问题,基于解析形式的非线性最优预测控制方法,采用分层设计思想设计了飞行器姿态控制系统,可较好满足高超声速飞行器的快速性要求。然后,在分析了BTT飞行控制过程主要影响因素及其影响规律的基础上,提出了一种“先降低攻角—然后快速滚转—再拉起攻角”的耦合控制策略。最后,对该控制策略对于高超声速飞行器的适用性进行了仿真分析。结果表明:本文提出的耦合控制策略,有效降低了偏航通道的控制需求,降低了BTT控制过程的失控风险,提高了控制系统的可靠性。 相似文献
194.
Sameer P. Lalwani 《Small Wars & Insurgencies》2017,28(1):119-165
The military effectiveness literature has largely dismissed the role of material preponderance in favor of strategic interaction theories. The study of counterinsurgency, in which incumbent victory is increasingly rare despite material superiority, has also turned to other strategic dynamics explanations like force employment, leadership, and insurgent/adversary attributes. Challenging these two trends, this paper contends that even in cases of counterinsurgency, material preponderance remains an essential—and at times the most important—factor in explaining battlefield outcomes and effectiveness. To test this, the paper turns to the case of the Sri Lankan state’s fight against the Tamil Tiger insurgency, a conflict which offers rich variation over time across six periods and over 25 years. Drawing on evidence from historical and journalistic accounts, interviews, memoirs, and field research, the paper demonstrates that material preponderance accounts for variation in military effectiveness and campaign outcomes (including military victory in the final campaign) better than strategic explanations. Additionally, a new quantitative data-set assembled on annual loss-exchange ratios demonstrates the superiority of materialist explanations above those of skill, human capital, and regime type. 相似文献
195.
196.
刘青杰 《中国人民武装警察部队学院学报》2001,17(4):70-72
针对集贸市场规模大、可燃物多、火灾荷载大、人员密集等特点,分析其火灾发生的原因,提出宏观管理控制、合理制定消防技术标准、建立统一的消防管理体制等消防工作对策. 相似文献
197.
198.
An important phenomenon often observed in supply chain management, known as the bullwhip effect, implies that demand variability increases as one moves up the supply chain, i.e., as one moves away from customer demand. In this paper we quantify this effect for simple, two‐stage, supply chains consisting of a single retailer and a single manufacturer. We demonstrate that the use of an exponential smoothing forecast by the retailer can cause the bullwhip effect and contrast these results with the increase in variability due to the use of a moving average forecast. We consider two types of demand processes, a correlated demand process and a demand process with a linear trend. We then discuss several important managerial insights that can be drawn from this research. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 47: 269–286, 2000 相似文献
199.
Edward Hunter Christie 《Defence and Peace Economics》2019,30(1):72-84
A variant of established work on the demand for military expenditure is developed based on a practical concept of fiscal space from the perspective of short-term government choices concerning public expenditures. A new indicator, referred to as fiscal capacity, is defined and used as a candidate explanatory variable in an empirical model of European defence spending over the 2007–2016 period. Fiscal capacity is found to outperform simpler measurements of economic conditions, notably GDP growth forecasts, in explaining changes in defence spending efforts as a share of GDP. Regarding security environment variables, the results suggest that Russia has recently come to be seen as a potential military threat by European nations, leading to defence spending increases, the more so the shorter the distance to stationed or deployed Russian forces, and particularly so by those European nations that have a land border with Russia. A prospective exercise is then carried out in order to assess the capacity of EU member states that are also members of NATO to reach NATO’s 2% goal for defence spending over a mid-term horizon. 相似文献
200.
Mohamad Rosyidin 《Contemporary Security Policy》2019,40(2):214-238
In the South China Sea, China neither implements power-maximizing policy nor engages a peaceful approach. Instead, China implements both coercion and cooperation in pursuing its strategic interest in the disputed area. How can we explain China’s paradoxical behavior? This article claims that the best way to explain China’s policy in the South China Sea is to understand the character of dualism in China’s strategic culture. Following constructivist theory that stresses culture, this article argues that Chinese duality approach in the South China Sea is rooted in the philosophy of Daoism. The symbol of Yin-Yang depicts Chinese assertive as well as cooperative behavior in dealing with the South China Sea dispute. Although from a normative perspective Daoism recognizes pacifism and non-violent behavior, the most important feature of Daoism is the assumption that reality consists of two opposing elements that are mutually embedded. 相似文献