Military expenditure and economic development in China: an empirical inquiry

Increases in military spending have a big impact on the socioeconomic conditions in any country. However, there is no consensus as to whether the rising military expenditure is beneficial or detrimental to economic growth. The present study chose China as a case study to empirically examine a complex relationship between military expenditure and economic development. The findings from the Johansen cointegration test indicated that there existed a long-run relationship between China’s military spending and economic growth. Furthermore, the Granger causality test detected a unidirectional causality from economic development to military expenditure. These results were further confirmed by the findings from the impulse response function. This means that China represents an example of a developing economy where the size of military expenditure expands in the process of economic transformation.     

论当今国际维和行动发展和趋势

本文从当今国际维和行动现状出发,分析了国际维和行动的特点,剖析了国际维和行动面临的挑战问题,最后对国际维和行动的发展提出几点思考,并系统阐述了维和行动的相关问题。     

复合型科学家：颠覆性创新产品研发的灵魂

科学探索是颠覆性技术创新产品的源泉,复合型科学家为颠覆性创新产品开辟方向、提供战略咨询、构建技术原理或设计方案、直接研制创新产品。本文提出,要高度重视复合型科学家的主导地位,加大育才引才留才力度,营造发挥才华的包容性科学文化环境。     

当代俄罗斯电子战产品主要研制单位及装备发展综述

作为现代战场的核心内容之一,无线电电子战产品已成为近几十年来发展异常迅速的一类军事装备。俄罗斯的军事装备历经车臣战争、俄格冲突、叙利亚战争和俄乌冲突等众多实战检验并不断得到完善,正逐渐展现出强大的军事威慑力,而电子战设备就是俄罗斯重点发展且成效显著的“不对称”战力方向之一。西方专家普遍认为电子战系统是俄军最危险的武器装备之一,可见其水平已属国际领先水平。本文介绍了当代俄罗斯对无线电电子战内容的理解、俄罗斯电子战产品的主要研制单位和发展现状,重点分析了俄罗斯近30年来最知名的陆、海、空电子战装备的分类、组成、指标和功能等,对俄罗斯电子战未来的技术发展趋势进行了预测,以期为国内电子战装备和技术发展提供借鉴。     

美军作战概念开发特点及启示

创新军事思想、开发作战概念是推进军事转型和部队建设的关键抓手。美军秉承“创新提炼—集智研讨—实验验证”的作战概念开发机制,采取聚焦联合作战概念开发,以作战能力需求为牵引,通过突破前沿技术和研发关键装备,以法规制度和标准规范为强制约束的做法对于军队转型建设具有重要启示。本文提出,应着眼于军队的使命任务,强化军队作战概念设计,创新作战概念研究方式,形成“聚焦使命任务—研讨演示概念—体系设计概念—检验优化概念—形成概念产品—指导建设实践”的作战概念开发途径,支撑作战概念创新和前瞻性探索研究,并加强体制机制和标准规范建设,通过对作战概念开发的整体设计和约束规范,提升前瞻作战概念对作战实践的创新引领作用,加速推进军队转型建设。     

Dynamic pricing and inventory control with learning

Optimal operating policies and corresponding managerial insight are developed for the decision problem of coordinating supply and demand when (i) both supply and demand can be influenced by the decision maker and (ii) learning is pursued. In particular, we determine optimal stocking and pricing policies over time when a given market parameter of the demand process, though fixed, initially is unknown. Because of the initially unknown market parameter, the decision maker begins the problem horizon with a subjective probability distribution associated with demand. Learning occurs as the firm monitors the market's response to its decisions and then updates its characterization of the demand function. Of primary interest is the effect of censored data since a firm's observations often are restricted to sales. We find that the first‐period optimal selling price increases with the length of the problem horizon. However, for a given problem horizon, prices can rise or fall over time, depending on how the scale parameter influences demand. Further results include the characterization of the optimal stocking quantity decision and a computationally viable algorithm. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 49: 303–325, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/nav.10013     

Inventory cost impact of order processing priorities based on demand uncertainty

We evaluate an approach to decrease inventory costs at retail inventory locations that share a production facility. The retail locations sell the same product but differ in the variance of retail demand. Inventory policies at retail locations generate replenishment orders for the production facility. The production facility carries no finished goods inventory. Thus, production lead time for an order is the sojourn time in a single server queueing system. This lead time affects inventory costs at retail locations. We examine the impact of moving from a First Come First Served (FCFS) production rule for orders arriving at the production facility to a rule in which we provide non‐preemptive priority (PR) to orders from retail locations with higher demand uncertainty. We provide three approximations for the ratio of inventory costs under PR and FCFS and use them to identify conditions under which PR decreases retail inventory costs over FCFS. We then use a Direct Approach to establish conditions when PR decreases retail inventory costs over FCFS. We extend the results to orders from locations that differ in the mean and variance of demand uncertainty. The analysis suggests that tailoring lead times to product demand characteristics may decrease system inventory costs. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 49: 376–390, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/nav.10016     

Inventory control under substitutable demand: A stochastic game application

Substitutable product inventory problem is analyzed using the concepts of stochastic game theory. It is assumed that there are two substitutable products that are sold by different retailers and the demand for each product is random. Game theoretic nature of this problem is the result of substitution between products. Since retailers compete for the substitutable demand, ordering decision of each retailer depends on the ordering decision of the other retailer. Under the discounted payoff criterion, this problem is formulated as a two‐person nonzero‐sum stochastic game. In the case of linear ordering cost, it is shown that there exists a Nash equilibrium characterized by a pair of stationary base stock strategies for the infinite horizon problem. This is the unique Nash equilibrium within the class of stationary base stock strategies. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 49: 359–375, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/nav.10018     

Resource allocation in an asymmetric technology race with temporary advantages

We consider two opponents that compete in developing asymmetric technologies where each party's technology is aimed at damaging (or neutralizing) the other's technology. The situation we consider is different than the classical problem of commercial R&D races in two ways: First, while in commercial R&D races the competitors compete over the control of market share, in our case the competition is about the effectiveness of technologies with respect to certain capabilities. Second, in contrast with the “winner‐takes‐all” assumption that characterizes much of the literature on this field in the commercial world, we assume that the party that wins the race gains a temporary advantage that expires when the other party develops a superior technology. We formulate a variety of models that apply to a one‐sided situation, where one of the two parties has to determine how much to invest in developing a technology to counter another technology employed by the other party. The decision problems are expressed as (convex) nonlinear optimization problems. We present an application that provides some operational insights regarding optimal resource allocation. We also consider a two‐sided situation and develop a Nash equilibrium solution that sets investment values, so that both parties have no incentive to change their investments. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 59: 128–145, 2012     

简论意识形态与先进生产力的发展

意识形态不仅有政治功能 ,而且具有经济功能。它对生产力的发展具有重要作用 ,发展先进生产力必须重视发挥意识形态的作用。只有建立与先进生产力相适应的意识形态 ,才能有力地促进先进生产力的发展