考虑多性能参数的引信弹簧可靠性评估

弹簧作为引信中常用的储能源,是影响引信可靠性的重要零件,而引信失效会形成重大安全隐患。为了准确预估某引信弹簧贮存期间的可靠度变化,提出了一种基于修正Arrhenius模型的多元正态可靠性评估方法。以应力损失率和永久变形率作为性能参数,设计了恒定应力加速退化试验,获取弹簧在120℃、130℃、150℃和160℃下的退化数据,并采用Anderson-Darling统计量验证退化量的最优分布为正态分布。根据修正的Arrhenius方程,得到弹簧在贮存温度下的退化轨迹曲线。基于多元正态分布建立弹簧贮存可靠度模型,分析弹簧贮存期间的可靠度变化特点。通过与其他可靠度模型对比,该模型预估结果更准确,可为引信的视情维修提供依据。     

Stochastic framework for partially degradation systems with continuous component degradation‐rate‐interactions

Many conventional models that characterize the reliability of multicomponent systems are developed on the premise that for a given system, the failures of its components are independent. Although this facilitates mathematical tractability, it may constitute a significant departure from what really takes place. In many real‐world applications, system components exhibit various degrees of interdependencies, which present significant challenges in predicting degradation performance and the remaining lifetimes of the individual components as well as the system at large. We focus on modeling the performance of interdependent components of networked systems that exhibit interactive degradation processes. Specifically, we focus on how the performance level of one component affects the degradation rates of other dependent components. This is achieved by using stochastic models to characterize how degradation‐based sensor signals associated with the components evolve over time. We consider “Continuous‐Type” component interactions that occur continuously over time. This type of degradation interaction exists in many applications, in which interdependencies occur on a continuum. We use a system of stochastic differential equations to capture such “Continuous‐Type” interaction. In addition, we utilize a Bayesian approach to update the proposed model using real‐time sensor signals observed in the field and provide more accurate estimation of component residual lifetimes. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 61: 286–303, 2014     

Inequality‐based reliability estimates for complex systems

Full‐system testing for large‐scale systems is often infeasible or very costly. Thus, when estimating system reliability, it is desirable to use a method that uses subsystem tests, which are often less expensive and more feasible. This article presents a method for bounding full‐system reliabilities based on subsystem tests and, if available, full‐system tests. The method does not require that subsystems be independent. It accounts for dependencies through the use of certain probability inequalities. The inequalities provide the basis for valid reliability calculations while not requiring independent subsystems or full‐system tests. The inequalities allow for test information on pairwise subsystem failure modes to be incorporated, thereby improving the bound on system reliability. We illustrate some of the properties of the estimates via an example application. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2013     

Dynamics in pastoral resource management and conflict in the Borana rangelands of southern Ethiopia

Based on primary and secondary data, this paper provides a qualitative account of current changes in the pattern of natural resource management as a result of resource degradation and conflict in the Borana rangelands of southern Ethiopia. Population pressure, recurrent drought and the depleted carrying capacity of pastoral resources, as well as the encroachment of neighbouring ethnic groups, present the Borana community with a significant challenge. The diminishing resilience of traditional politico-judicial institutions under the famous Gada system often result in the rise of new forms of land use such as farming and private enclosures, which compete with the traditional communal tenure system. The gradual collapse of traditional norms and value systems and the apparent inefficiency in the formal administrative structures have exacerbated the problems of resource degradation and conflict between multiple resource-users.     

基于退化量分布的某型电连接器寿命预测方法

使用基于退化量分布的方法对某型电连接器进行了寿命预测,得到了其可靠度曲线并预测出其平均寿命为398 895 h。通过对各加速应力水平下所有样品的退化量进行拟合优度检验,得出退化量在各测量时刻最优服从正态分布,进而确定了退化量均值、方差与温度应力之间的关系。为了提高估计精度,使用极大似然法进行整体统计推断获取未知参数的估计值,并基于参数值与温度的关系外推出样品在工作温度下的可靠度函数。通过可靠度曲线的比较,获知样品寿命较好地服从对数正态分布,并基于此进行了平均寿命预测。     

Vertically restrictive pricing in supply chains with price‐dependent demand

We examine the behavior of a manufacturer and a retailer in a decentralized supply chain under price‐dependent, stochastic demand. We model a retail fixed markup (RFM) policy, which can arise as a form of vertically restrictive pricing in a supply chain, and we examine its effect on supply chain performance. We prove the existence of the optimal pricing and replenishment policies when demand has a linear additive form and the distribution of the uncertainty component has a nondecreasing failure rate. We numerically compare the relative performance of RFM to a price‐only contract and we find that RFM results in greater profit for the supply chain than the price‐only contract in a variety of scenarios. We find that RFM can lead to Pareto‐improving solutions where both the supplier and the retailer earn more profit than under a price‐only contract. Finally, we compare RFM to a buyback contract and explore the implications of allowing the fixed markup parameter to be endogenous to the model. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2006.     

基于加速性能退化的雷达电源板可靠性评估

评估雷达系统可靠性时,失效寿命难以获得,性能退化数据成为评估可靠性的重要信息。对其中器件级信息充足,板级、分系统级、系统级现场试验信息缺乏,而收集这些部分的退化数据仍需较长时间,以雷达某一部分的整体为研究对象进行加速退化试验,验证是否存在累积效应及有规律的退化过程。以某雷达电源整板为例,在温度应力下进行恒加加速退化试验,观测到特征退化量电源板输出电压随温度变化的退化规律,进行统计推断。结果表明基于加速退化数据进行该部分可靠性分析方法可行、结果可信,且更具优势,为雷达系统可靠性评估及增强可信度奠定基础。     

Natural resource degradation and conflict in the East African pastoral drylands

Based on a literature review, this article examines the dynamics in pastoral systems, natural resource conservation and conflict in the drylands of East Africa. It argues that, in the context of East Africa, pastoralism and biodiversity conservation in general are distinct forms of land use that are complementary rather than competitive. The present state of natural resource degradation in the drylands is explained in terms of factors related to ecological and demographic pressures, land use conflicts and inefficient land administration policies. When the customary pastoral institutions of land administration and resource management are threatened, the problem of degradation is further exacerbated and violent conflicts occur among multiple resource users, including pastoralists, farmers and the state. The article recommends the revitalisation, empowerment and recognition of pastoral institutions in a way that ensures effective synergy between the formal and customary structures of resource governance.     

Wiener过程的金属化膜脉冲电容器步降应力退化建模

由于强激光装置中金属化膜脉冲电容器高可靠长寿命的特点,导致退化试验的时间长效率低,传统的退化试验统计分析方法复杂,对先验信息依赖性大,针对这些问题提出了基于Wiener过程的金属化膜脉冲电容器步降应力加速退化建模和参数估计的方法。首先,用Wiener过程刻画电容器的退化过程,然后结合随机过程的特性采用MCMC方法进行参数估计,大大简化了统计分析过程。最后通过对电容器的仿真实验,将步降应力下的评估结果与恒定应力、步进应力的情况相对比,说明了步降应力对改善退化试验的试验效率的有效性。     

多指标约束下某变质量热力系统的性能可靠性分析

针对某变质量热力系统的性能可靠性受多指标综合影响的问题,使用了一种基于 Monte Carlo 仿真的系统性能可靠性分析方法对该系统进行了可靠性分析。首先,选取系统的性能失效特征量作为载荷末速度和最大加速度,并确定了其失效标准;然后,阐述了系统中部件———调节阀开度的退化规律。在此基础上,对系统的性能可靠性进行了仿真分析,得到了系统性能失效特征量的故障概率密度及性能可靠度。仿真结果表明：随着部件性能参数的退化,系统性能可靠性逐渐降低。