The impact of animal welfare regulations on firms' product offerings: Humane or organic product?

Increased public concerns about animal welfare have spurred new regulations to improve animals' treatment and living conditions. We study how these regulations affect firms' product offerings, prices, and profits. We consider two competing animal agriculture supply chains, each consisting of a supplier and a buyer. New regulations require firms to choose between offering humane or organic products, which are differentiated by animals' living conditions. We find that consumers' growing awareness of animal welfare encourages firms to offer organic products, which require the highest standards for animals' living conditions. We also show that tightening humane product standards and loosening organic product standards encourage firms to offer organic products—but with distinct pricing implications. The former leads to higher retail prices whereas the latter may lower retail prices. Depending on costs and consumers' awareness of animal welfare, a humane product may be priced higher or lower than an organic product. Furthermore, we provide conditions under which a regulator should offer a unit-cost or an investment cost subsidy to improve social welfare. We show that subsidies can encourage firms to change from offering humane to organic products, or vice versa, to enhance total social welfare.     

涡轮盘疲劳寿命可靠性设计仿真及优化策略

涡轮盘是航空发动机主要部件之一,一旦发生破坏性故障将导致严重的后果。在充分考虑影响涡轮盘高低周复合疲劳寿命因素不确定性基础上,以MATLAB为平台,设计了涡轮盘高低周复合疲劳寿命可靠性优化设计的联合仿真平台。利用寿命函数和寿命可靠性分析极限状态函数中的共性需求,提出了在优化迭代的过程中自适应构建寿命函数Kriging模型和寿命可靠性极限状态面Kriging模型时共用训练样本点的策略。同时,提出了一种构建寿命函数Kriging模型的学习函数。使用所搭建的疲劳寿命可靠性优化设计平台,完成了某型涡轮盘盘心、榫槽以及涡轮盘系统高低周复合疲劳寿命的可靠性优化设计。结果表明,最优设计方案的局部最大应力显著降低,均值寿命大幅提高,并满足可靠性约束。     

融合遗传蚁群算法的区域覆盖卫星星座优化算法

针对特定区域覆盖并密集重访的卫星星座优化设计问题,采用回归轨道和共星下点轨迹星座的设计方案,提出特定区域内重点地区权值排序覆盖并融合遗传蚁群算法优化求解卫星星座轨道参数的方法。分析区域覆盖星座的设计需求,建立回归轨道覆盖区域模型,利用遗传蚁群算法计算出最优轨道根数,使用共星下点轨迹星座求解算法求出所有星座参数。仿真实验结果表明优化设计的星座满足对于区域目标的覆盖时间和重访次数需求,并对重要地点按照权值排序进行了侧重性覆盖和重访,验证了算法的可行性。     

A dual criteria sequencing problem with earliness and tardiness penalties

We consider the problem of sequencing n jobs on a single machine, with each job having a processing time and a common due date. The common due date is assumed to be so large that all jobs can complete by the due date. It is known that there is an O(n log n)‐time algorithm for finding a schedule with minimum total earliness and tardiness. In this article, we consider finding a schedule with dual criteria. The primary goal is to minimize the total earliness and tardiness. The secondary goals are to minimize: (1) the maximum earliness and tardiness; (2) the sum of the maximum of the squares of earliness and tardiness; (3) the sum of the squares of earliness and tardiness. For the first two criteria, we show that the problems are NP‐hard and we give a fully polynomial time approximation scheme for both of them. For the last two criteria, we show that the ratio of the worst schedule versus the best schedule is no more than . © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 49: 422–431, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/nav.10020     

Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型在高超声速气动加热计算中的应用

将AUSM+格式与LU SGS隐式迭代相结合,采用一方程的Spalart Allmaras湍流模型和二阶迎风MUSCL格式,研究了火星"探路者号"实验模型在10马赫来流条件下的气动热问题。采用量热完全和热完全两种气体模型的计算结果与实验数据进行了比较。热完全气体模型模拟的热流分布规律与实验吻合较好,但是对分离区的热流估计过高。在网格合理划分,尤其是满足近壁面的网格分辨率要求的前提下,该方法能够合理反映高超声速流场除分离区以外的气动热特性。     

姿控发动机脉冲工作的管路瞬变特性

采用有限差分格式的特征线方法 ,对某姿控推进系统发动机真实推进剂管路在脉冲工作情况下的瞬变特性进行了数值研究 ,对影响发动机多次脉冲启动的重要参数进行了定量计算 ,对比分析了试验结果与计算结果的一致性。说明该方法可方便地对包括许多管路、阀门和推力室的复杂系统进行动态性能分析 ,所得结果对于液体火箭发动机管路工程设计具有重要参考价值     

灰色可靠性设计模型及其在机械工程应用

将灰色系统推广到概率统计理论 ,阐述了灰色概率公理化体系 ,研究了灰色概率密度函数与灰色可靠度计算方法 ,建立了应力—强度干涉灰色可靠度计算模型及其白化求解方法 ,编制了matlab5 3语言程序。给出了工程应用实例 ,并对结果与常规可靠性设计进行了对比分析 ,显示了本模型的正确性与可行性。它可用于设计参数变动对可靠度的灵敏度分析及其稳健性可靠性设计 ,有效地控制设计参数     

边界扫描测试仪软件系统开发

边界扫描是一种正在被人们普遍接受的可测试性设计技术 ,在电子设备测试和故障诊断中发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文介绍了开发的边界扫描测试仪样机的工作原理 ,并着重论述了其软件开发的几个重要问题。     

DOS环境下双机实时火控系统软件设计

在舰载作战指挥与火力控制系统中,基于Multibus总线的计算机系统常配置成双机或多机工作方式,该文以某型火控系统为例介绍一种DOS环境下双机实时系统软件设计方法．     

用于潜艇的数据融合算法结构设计

利用数据融合技术,在数据库的支持之下,充分发挥各传感器信息组合的潜能,为客观复现战术态势提供保障．文中给出了用于潜艇的数据融合算法的结构设计．