A PANEL DATA ANALYSIS OF THE NEXUS BETWEEN DEFENCE SPENDING AND GROWTH IN THE EUROPEAN UNION: A COMMENT

Abstract

This paper explains and assesses the UK experience with determining prices and profitability for non-competitive defence contracts. Three periods are considered, namely pre-1968, the 1968 Profit Formula Agreement and the changes introduced in 2014. Two cases of ‘excessive’ profits were major determinants of the 1968 Profit Formula Agreement; but continued dissatisfaction with the 1968 Agreement led to changes in 2014. The historical overview of UK experience provides a basis for understanding current UK policy and offers insights for other countries facing similar policy challenges. A critique is presented of UK policy on single source pricing and profitability.     

Defence spending and economic growth in South Africa: A supply and demand model*

This paper provides a contribution to the growing corpus of knowledge and understanding of the interaction between economic growth and defence spending in South Africa by specifying a Keynesian simultaneous equation model and estimating the system for the period 1961 to 1997. The model contains a growth equation, a savings equation, a trade balance equation and a military burden equation and when estimated by single equation and systems estimation methods is relatively well specified. There is evidence of an overall negative effect of military spending on the economy over this period, though the significance of individual coefficients is low. There is certainly no evidence of any positive impact, suggesting that cuts in military spending do present an opportunity for improved macroeconomic performance.     

How Different Terrorist Attacks Affect Stock Markets

Terrorist attacks adversely affect the Pakistani stock market. However, such effect is short-lived: the market recovers from terrorist shocks in one day. The impact of attack depends on the locations and types of attack. The more severe the attack (i.e. more people killed), the more negative is the KSE-100 index return. Most interestingly, stock market contains information about future attacks. In sum, different tactics of terrorists have varied effects on financial markets, which in turn can predict terrorist attacks.     

瞄准线稳定精度的影响因素仿真

瞄准线稳定精度是直升机载稳瞄系统的关键技术指标之一,它影响着系统的其他关键性指标如照射精度、跟踪精度、作用距离等。因此提高瞄准线稳定精度是设计和研制机载稳瞄系统至关重要的一项任务。论文分析和研究了影响瞄准线稳定精度的因素,并采用Simulink建立数学模型,对瞄准线稳定精度的影响因素进行仿真分析,得到各因素对稳定精度的影响趋势,为机载稳瞄系统的设计工作提供了理论基础。     

基于BP神经网络的防空预警雷达阵地选址决策方法

防空预警雷达阵地选址的优劣直接影响到雷达本身及防空武器作战效能的发挥。为了在雷达阵地选址中快速处理繁多的数据和进行定量分析,减少人为主观因素,给出了防空预警雷达阵地选址决策指标体系,并构建了基于BP神经网络的防空预警雷达阵地选址决策模型。最后通过实例验证了该模型对优选防空预警雷达阵地选址具有可行性和实用性。     

多无人机梯次攻击航路规划

为了解决多无人机协同攻击航路规划问题,基于一种雷达威胁等效方法,以及无人机在不同姿态下雷达散射截面RCS(Radar Cross-Section)值随之改变的特性,结合多机作战战术思想,提出了一种多无人机梯次协同攻击同一目标的方法,并利用Dijkstra算法进行多无人机航路规划.仿真结果表明,该方法具有更高的应用价值.     

基于对抗模拟的箔条质心干扰决策计算方法

通过分析箔条质心干扰的作战过程,综合考虑了反舰导弹的来袭方向、性能参数、舰艇的物理和运动参数、作战海域的天气情况,建立箔条质心干扰反舰导弹的作战模拟模型,在此基础上提出了箔条质心干扰方案的计算方法.应用实例的过程和结果表明,该方法简易可行,通过真实模拟双方的对抗过程,所得决策方案可信度高,对质心干扰决策具有很好的指导价值.     

半仿真方位高分辨后置处理方法

MVDR自适应波束形成可获得良好的目标方位估计性能,但其方位分辨力仍受限于阵列孔径.为进一步提高目标方位分辨性能,在MVDR自适应波束输出的基础上,提出了一种高分辨后置处理方法.在两目标方位不可分时,仿真构造两个目标的阵列输出空间方位谱,通过搜索两目标的方位和幅值,与真实数据的空间方位谱输出作匹配处理,从而获得目标的方位估计.实验室仿真及海试数据处理验证了该方法的有效性.     

利用拖尾能量提高蝶形天线辐射效率

蝶形天线在探地雷达中已有广泛的运用,但其辐射效率不高的问题一直存在。究其原因,主要是将近70%的辐射能量是以有碍目标探测的拖尾的形式存在。为了保证探测性能,传统上可观的拖尾能量往往以阻抗加载的方式被吸收掉。本文研究发现,当选择双极性单周波作为激励脉冲时,通过优化天线长度可以实现拖尾能量的有效利用,从而显著地提高蝶形天线的辐射效率。仿真实验结果表明,在较远的探测距离上本文方法可以将辐射效率提高近100%。通过实测实验进一步验证了本文方法的有效性。此外,本文所提的方法易于工程实现,工程应用价值十分明显。     

电离层不规则体对P波段星载SAR成像的影响

电离层不规则体导致星载合成孔径雷达（SAR）信号产生幅度及相位闪烁,严重影响低波段星载SAR的图像分辨性能。推导了具有普遍性的幂律谱对应的双频双点互相关函数。基于此研究了电离层对星载P波段SAR分辨性能的影响及其规律。研究表明,电离层不规则体导致星载P波段SAR两维分辨率恶化,图像峰值增益损失严重。电离层不规则体强度,谱指数,外尺度等参数的增大都会导致星载SAR图像分辨率及峰值增益进一步下降。基于相位屏技术的数值仿真结果验证了本文研究。