Mimetic and normative isomorphism in the establishment and maintenance of independent air forces

Why do countries have air forces? Organizational alternatives, such as maintaining separate air arms for the army and navy, have become quite rare. The conventional narrative advanced by advocates of independent air forces stress that the primacy of airpower in modern warfare mandates centralized control of most military aviation. In this view, political–military uncertainty has driven mimetic isomorphism – pressure on national governments to organize as others organize so as to fight or deter war just as effectively. However, working from a set of 56 countries that were politically independent within a few years of the establishment of the first ever independent air force (the Royal Air Force) in 1918, and continuing through nearly the present, there is no clear pattern of external military pressure prompting this particular reorganization. Rather, from anecdotal evidence, the cause has more likely been normative isomorphism – a professional craving to look as others look to foster political or personal legitimacy. For whatever reason, though, choices of structures tend to lead to specific choices of policies. Thus, the result suggests that defense ministries looking for more effective or less costly organizational schemas may reasonably consider alternatives to the tripartite army–navy–air force structure.     

基于核主成分分析方法的水面舰艇空中目标威胁评估?

对来袭空中目标的威胁进行评估与排序是舰艇对空火力分配的重要一环。根据来袭空中目标的特点,在确定目标指标后进行相应量化,针对来袭目标各指标间非线性的特点,提出使用核主成分分析法对目标信息进行特征提取,随后依据核主成分方差贡献率对威胁目标进行评估与排序。通过仿真算例验证,所得结果较为准确、客观,有效地克服传统方法中主观性较强的问题,并且在对指标数据提取的过程中降低了相关信息维数,降低了计算复杂度,为舰艇防空作战威胁评估提供了新途径。     

吸气式太阳能热推进系统进气道特性分析

吸气式冲压推进技术是吸气式太阳能热推进技术的基础。如何设计一种性能理想的进气道是吸气式太阳能热推进技术研究的重点。应用稀薄气体动力学仿真常用的直接数值模拟蒙特卡洛算法对两种常见的进气道结构进行仿真分析,得到两种进气道工况下气体的温度、密度、流量系数和速度等参数的分布,并进行对比。通过比较,选择一种性能较好的构型作为吸气式太阳能热推进系统的进气道,从而为后续系统的设计、计算、分析和优化打下了基础。     

基于超外差变频结构接收机前端系统设计

近年来无线通信技术获得了惊人的发展,而短波接收技术作为其中发展最为迅速的一个分支,已经广泛应用到人们生活中的各个领域,具有很高的研究与开发价值。接收机射频前端作为接收机重要组成部分,是接收机动态性能的关键部件,它工作于射频前置滤波器的后面。以接收机射频前端作为研究重点,采用超外差变频体系结构,结合数字频率合成技术,完成了GMSK接收机射频模拟前端系统的设计与实现。设计过程中所涉及到的技术,具有一定的创新和独到之处。     

基于贝叶斯网络的空中目标威胁估计算法

联合作战条件下,指挥决策人员在海量描述战场态势的数据和信息面前往往会束手无策,无法快速作出正确的决策。贝叶斯网络模型是一种基于概率推理的网络化数学模型,能够通过一些变量的信息来获取其他的概率信息,从而解决不定性和不完整性问题。提出了一种基于贝叶斯网络的空中目标威胁估计算法,用空中威胁网络模型找到空中威胁目标各属性之间的潜在关系,并建立空中目标威胁估计算法,最后以一个实例来验证该空中目标威胁估计的计算过程和有效性。     

A model for geographically distributed combat interactions of swarming naval and air forces

This article describes the Distributed Interaction Campaign Model (DICM), an exploratory campaign analysis tool and asset allocation decision‐aid for managing geographically distributed and swarming naval and air forces. The model is capable of fast operation, while accounting for uncertainty in an opponent's plan. It is intended for use by commanders and analysts who have limited time for model runs, or a finite budget. The model is purpose‐built for the Pentagon's Office of Net Assessment, and supports analysis of the following questions: What happens when swarms of geographically distributed naval and air forces engage each other and what are the key elements of the opponents’ force to attack? Are there changes to force structure that make a force more effective, and what impacts will disruptions in enemy command and control and wide‐area surveillance have? Which insights are to be gained by fast exploratory mathematical/computational campaign analysis to augment and replace expensive and time‐consuming simulations? An illustrative example of model use is described in a simple test scenario. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 63: 562–576, 2016     

针对多振源密频及波动线谱主动控制的改进算法及试验

为了让船舶机械主动隔振装置在线谱频率波动和多振源密频耦合等实船复杂工况下,仍能取得良好的振动线谱主动控制效果,研究了以多通道窄带Fx-Newton算法为基础的改进算法,提出了窄带滤波相位失真的自适应补偿器,使控制算法对线谱频率波动具有高鲁棒性;研究了多参考信号Fx-Newton算法,从多振源分离提取互不相关的多参考信号...     

超声波金属熔体处理机强迫风冷问题的数值模拟

针对超声波金属熔体处理机因高温金属熔体的传热而产生的温度快速升高问题,采用ANSYS/FLOTRAN CFD对处理机进行了流场和温度场耦合分析,得到了不同冷却气流量下的换能器温度分布。同时,采用流-固/热耦合共轭传热问题求解方法得到了冷却腔内流固界面的对流换热系数,避免了试验测试的困难,为超声波金属熔体处理机的散热和冷却提供了设计依据。     

从美国无人机的发展来看无人机在未来战争中的应用前景

从军事需求和技术推动出发,全面论述了美国无人机的发展情况,并对实战使用情况、新的无人机系列以及无人机在战争中应用的广泛前景作了分析。     

空地作战地空导弹射击的一种仿真模型研究

空地作战仿真研究中,对地空导弹射击的仿真是非常重要的一环。给出了一种地空导弹对空中目标射击的建模方法,该方法对建立战役、战术级突防或防空仿真试验系统具有较强的实用性和适用性。