Balancing a one‐way corridor capacity and safety‐oriented reliability: A stochastic optimization approach for metro train timetabling

In urban rail transit systems of large cities, the headway and following distance of successive trains have been compressed as much as possible to enhance the corridor capacity to satisfy extremely high passenger demand during peak hours. To prevent train collisions and ensure the safety of trains, a safe following distance of trains must be maintained. However, this requirement is subject to a series of complex factors, such as the uncertain train braking performance, train communication delay, and driver reaction time. In this paper, we propose a unified mathematical framework to analyze the safety‐oriented reliability of metro train timetables with different corridor capacities, that is, the train traffic density, and determine the most reliable train timetable for metro lines in an uncertain environment. By employing a space‐time network representation in the formulations, the reliability‐based train timetabling problem is formulated as a nonlinear stochastic programming model, in which we use 0‐1 variables to denote the time‐dependent velocity and position of all involved trains. Several reformulation techniques are developed to obtain an equivalent mixed integer programming model with quadratic constraints (MIQCP) that can be solved to optimality by some commercial solvers. To improve the computational efficiency of the MIQCP model, we develop a dual decomposition solution framework that decomposes the primal problem into several sets of subproblems by dualizing the coupling constraints across different samples. An exact dynamic programming combined with search space reduction strategies is also developed to solve the exact optimal solutions of these subproblems. Two sets of numerical experiments, which involve a relatively small‐scale case and a real‐world instance based on the operation data of the Beijing subway Changping Line are implemented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approaches.     

考虑落角约束与驾驶仪特性的自适应RBF空间末制导律

为使大口径舰炮制导炮弹在打击近岸机动目标的末制导段满足落角约束,现考虑自动驾驶仪动态特性,基于自适应RBF逼近网络与动态面滑模提出一种空间末制导律。构建空间弹目相对运动模型,通过带改进微分跟踪器的扩张状态观测器估计目标加速度。为零化视线角跟踪误差与视线角速率,采用自适应指数趋近律设计非奇异终端滑模动态面,并运用自适应RBF逼近网络削弱控制指令抖振。通过Lyapunov第二法证明了全系统中视线角跟踪误差与视线角速率均最终一致有界。仿真实验表明：该末制导律使制导炮弹在空间中打击具有不同机动形式的近岸目标时,均具备良好的末制导性能。     

基于步进应力加速老化和改进Arrhenius模型的橡胶贮存寿命预测

为准确、快速地预测橡胶的贮存寿命,在步进高温应力加速老化试验的基础上,对不同加速温度下的加速系数进行计算,获得加速因子和绝对温度倒数的曲线,发现橡胶老化过程表现出非Arrhenius特性。针对非Arrhenius特性,引入幂指数因子,采用一种改进的Arrhenius模型对加速系数进行拟合。由对数反应速率与绝对温度倒数曲线的斜率,计算了改进Arrhenius模型在不同温度下的等效线性活化能,结果表明低温下活化能减小。建立低温下的老化寿命模型,对胶料在10℃,20℃和30℃下的老化寿命进行评估。评估结果表明,该模型可为相关高分子材料腐蚀过程中呈现的非Arrhenius特性的分析及寿命预测提供参考。     

Experimental investigations on wear properties of Palm kernel reinforced composites for brake pad applications

The use of asbestos material is being avoided to manufacture the brake pads as it is harmful and toxic in nature. Further it leads to various health issues like asbestosis, mesothelioma and lung cancers. These brake pads can be replaced by natural fibers like Palm kernel (0–50%), Nile roses (0–15%) and Wheat (0–10%) with additives like aluminum oxide (5%–20%) and graphite powder (10%–35%). Phenolic resin of 35% is utilized as a binder. Particulated Nile roses are used to increase the friction coefficient and wheat powder is used to reduce the wear rate. Aluminum oxide and graphite are abrasive in nature. This helps to make brake pads with high friction co-efficient and less wear rate with low noise pollution. The wear of the proposed composites have been investigated at different speeds. Various tests like wear on pin-on-disc apparatus, hardness on the Rockwell hardness apparatus and oil absorption test have been conducted. Phenolic resin produces good bonding nature to fiber. Thus, Fibers found to have performed palatably among all commercial brake pads. The objective of the research indicates that Palm kernal shell could be a conceivable alternative for asbestos in friction coating materials.     

Influence of multiple structural parameters on interior ballistics based on orthogonal test methods

Influence of multiple structural parameters on the performance of a gun launch system driven by high-pressure reactive gases is important for structural design and performance adjustment. A coupled lumped parameter model was utilized to predict the propellant combustion, and a dynamic finite element method was applied to approximate the mechanical interactions between the projectile and the barrel. The combustion and the mechanical interactions were coupled through a user subroutine interface in ABAQUS. The correctness and the capability of the finite element approximations in capturing small structural changes were validated by comparing predicted resistance with experiments. Based on the coupled model, the influence of structural parameters of a medium-caliber gun on the system performance was investigated. In order to reduce the research costs, orthogonal tests were designed to investigate the comprehensive effects of the parameters. According to statistical analysis, the important order of the structural parameters on the launching process was obtained. The results indicate that the influence of the width of the rotating band stands out among the studied parameters in the gun. The work provides a method to investigate the influence of multiple parameters on system performance and gives guidance for controlling the system performance.     

美军试验鉴定技术发展研究

众所周知,美军的装备试验鉴定技术一直处于世界领先地位,对其进行深入研究有利于试验鉴定的发展。本文主要对美军试验鉴定的管理部门、类型、发展历程以及技术领域进行详细研究,系统梳理美军试验鉴定的整个过程,在此基础上,结合我试验鉴定的发展现状,取其精华,去其糟粕,为试验鉴定的发展提出了几点思考和建议。     

滚动轴承加速寿命试验技术研究

为了有效地获取滚动轴承具有可比性的加速寿命试验数据,利用已有加速寿命试验相关标准,结合实际滚动轴承加速寿命试验设计和实施中积累的经验,深入分析滚动轴承加速寿命试验过程中遇到的各种问题,提出一套完整的滚动轴承加速寿命试验方法。该方法对相关标准没有涉及的试验前检查、试验条件一致性分析和试验数据的处理方法进行了补充并对加速寿命试验进行深入分析,形成完整的滚动轴承加速寿命试验解决方案,可以有效地指导滚动轴承加速寿命试验的设计和实施。     

状态X~2检验法在联邦滤波器中的应用

针对联邦滤波器的特殊性,基于残差故障统计检验原理,详细研究了状态检验法应用时存在的几个问题。由于信息分配,造成子滤波器局部估计次优,从而基于残差的故障统计检验方法不能够直接使用;针对这一问题,修正了残差方差阵的计算方法,并提出一种次优自适应补偿方法,能够有效改善局部估计次优性对故障检测灵敏度的影响。最后的仿真结果表明了研究的有效性和可行性。     

动态矩阵控制在固体氧化物燃料电池中的应用

提出将动态矩阵控制(DMC)算法用于固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)的控制。为此,在分析SOFC动态机理模型的基础上,建立了其阶跃响应模型。控制目标是使SOFC的输出电压始终保持在一定范围内,并收敛到恒定的数值。在实际应用中,这样的算法应能提高SOFC输出功率的跟踪性能。仿真结果验证了这种方法的有效性。     

阅读理解测试中常用题型的对比研究

运用定量研究的方法,探讨阅读测试中多项选择、简答和正误判断三种题型与阅读理解能力之间的关系。研究设计中的受试者为390名武警学院的战士学员。统计程序使用SPSS对数据进行相关分析和回归分析。研究结果表明：多项选择、简答和正误判断三种题型都适合测试考生的阅读理解能力,但简答题是最有效的测试题型。