Principles of Minimum Force and the Parachute Regiment in Northern Ireland, 1969–1972

Developing literature on Operation Banner, the codename for the British military operation in Northern Ireland, has indicated that the conduct of soldiers deployed was not always in line with principles of minimum force. Adherence to these principles would seem to have been essential to the success of the operation given the initial deployment of the soldiers was in the role of military aid to the civil power. This article will examine the role of one of the British Army’s most aggressive units, the Parachute Regiment, and will show how the responses of the regiment to the demands of the operation in Northern Ireland were frequently in contravention of minimum force principles.     

电磁发射的出口速度及负载质量变化对导轨热量的影响

为分析不同发射出口速度、不同发射负载质量对导轨积累热量的影响,建立了导轨温度场模型,计算了导轨各点温度变化过程,并和光纤光栅温度传感器测量结果对比,验证了模型及测量结果的正确性。在此基础上,设计并进行了三种类型实验,分析了在不同发射速度、不同发射负载质量以及相同发射能级不同发射速度下的导轨热量积累差异。该结论为确定连发间隔、导轨冷却设计提供了有效参考。     

核电磁脉冲模拟器的电场特性及等离子体阵列的防护性能

强电磁脉冲通过电子设备表面耦合进入内部将产生显著的破坏作用,而等离子体作为一种特殊的电磁介质,具有屏蔽强电磁脉冲的能力,因此基于等离子体的强电磁脉冲防护研究具有重要意义。利用CST软件仿真分析了核电磁脉冲模拟器工作空间的电场分布。进行了核电磁脉冲对单片机的干扰和破坏效应辐照研究,得到了其对MF-51-1型单片机的干扰和破坏阈值分别在10 kV/m和18 kV/m左右。实验研究了单层等离子体阵列对核电磁脉冲的防护性能,能量衰减均在10 dB以上。实验结果表明,等离子体具有强电磁脉冲防护的能力。     

Exploring the subsidiarity principle in policing and the operations of the Nigeria Police Force

The provisions of the 1999 Constitution, which recognises the existence of a single police force and forbids parallel police organisations, have oftentimes generated controversies among actors in the Nigerian federal polity. Rising insecurity precipitates lingering questions on the utility and adequacy of a single, highly centralised and centrally controlled police force given Nigeria’s geographic vastness and demographic diversity. Conversely, arguments have also dwelt on the dangers of fragmentation considering Nigeria’s psychosocial, economic and political nature. This article attempts to balance these arguments by analysing policing and the operations of the Nigeria Police Force (NPF) through the lens of the subsidiarity principle. Subsidiarity is a governance principle in federations, captured in the founding documents of the European Union (EU), which prescribes that governmental powers, authorities and duties should be held by the tier that can best perform them equitably, efficiently, effectively, suitably and based on interest and need. Drawing largely on interviews with purposively selected police scholars, political actors, civil society organisations and police personnel, the paper contends that this principle offers a pragmatic solution to the perennial problems of intergovernmental frictions on the use of the police within the context of governance in the Nigerian federation.     

South African defence policy: the rationale and impact of the SANDF’s primary role and conventional force design

The 2015 South African Defence Review set out to reverse the deterioration of South African National Defence Force (SANDF) capabilities. Within the South African Department of Defence (DOD) this deterioration is expressed mainly in terms of a decreasing defence budget, subsequent declining conventional capabilities and obsolete prime mission equipment. Contemporary research and defence expert debates on this theme, point out the disjuncture between policy ends and the available means, with scepticism for an increased defence budget given the DOD’s lack of internal reform and strategy adjustment. One question that remains largely unanswered in the literature regarding the decline of the SANDF, is why both the policy-makers and the SANDF have remained focused on the primary role of the military (defending territorial integrity) accompanied with an unaffordable conventional force design? This question relates to the aim of this paper and is explored by revisiting initial defence policy decisions and compromises that were made in the 1990s. It is argued that the primary role of the SANDF and its conventional force design suited the interests of both the politicians and the military, but that the drawbacks thereof have harshly caught up with the DOD.     

新编制体制下武警部队装备任务需求

为加快建设现代化武警部队,解决配属装备与日益增长的任务需求之间的矛盾,论文以武警部队指挥体系变更、警种部队调整的现实背景,围绕武警部队遂行任务情况,整理分析出新编各警种对装备的任务需求,为推动武警部队装备体系发展提供理论参考。     

“作战云”理论视阈下的装甲兵装备保障

"作战云"的作战理念将引发装甲装备保障领域的深刻变革。文章剖析了"作战云"理论视阈下装甲兵装备保障问题的基本内涵,从装备保障力量部署、指挥控制方式、协同方式、防护手段四个方面分析了"作战云"视阈下装甲兵装备保障的主要特点,提出"探测——决策——保障——评估"的装备保障行动流程。     

联合作战电磁态势生成面临的挑战及对策

掌握电磁态势是联合作战的制胜前提之一。通过梳理联合作战电磁态势信息面临的需求,分析现阶段联合作战电磁态势生成面临的主要挑战,并提出对策建议。研究表明,优化电磁态势产品类型、生成模式和显示界面,有利于指挥人员认知和把握电磁态势,促进联合作战行动效能发挥。     

部队实战化训练战场电磁环境构建

战场电磁环境构建是部队实战化训练的重要工作内容和现实难题。系统分析部队实战化训练的多层次需求和电磁环境构建现状,梳理总结战场电磁环境构建需求,总结概括了构建原则要求、构建对象和要素等战场电磁环境构建要点,并重点对构建实施的构建流程、构建方法和监测评估进行了设计分析。从装备要素、指挥控制和作战决策等方面,展望部队实战化训练的战场电磁环境构建,有益于部队实战化训练水平提升。     

多传感器布局和目标跟踪精度分析

基于目标位置估计的Cramer-Rao限和几何精度稀释(GDOP)来研究组网的多异质非线性传感器系统中,传感器和目标的相对位置对目标跟踪精度的影响.分析表明,除了传感器的测量误差、目标的距离外,传感器到目标视线的夹角大小对目标跟踪精度也有一定的影响,影响的大小和传感器的横向径向测量误差的比值大小有关.结合工程应用,分别对2个和3个不同类型的传感器组合进行了讨论.