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151.
Olivier Chopin 《战略研究杂志》2017,40(4):532-553
ABSTRACTThis article argues that the intelligence sector is a privileged vantage point to observe and analyse a transformation of the State in France, as this transformation deeply affects the heart of the executive power and the French intelligence and security apparatus. Traditionally, intelligence was not conceived in France as a functional tool in the hands of the decision-maker but was rather defined as a ‘regalian power’. Intelligence activities were derived from a very specific conception of the State, and especially the particular notion of ‘reason of State’ (raison d’État). The current intelligence reform prompts speculation as to whether it represents more than a ‘simple’ functional reorganisation or in fact could signify that intelligence is now recognised as a tool in the hands of a ‘État de droit’ (‘liberal state’). The idea of a French ‘exceptionalism’ is addressed through a theoretical approach of the way France redefines intelligence and surveillance in relation with a major evolution of the notion of ‘reason of State’ itself. Then the article illustrates the assumption of a ‘lost tradition’ of reason of State through an analysis of the current reform of the intelligence sector in France. This reform is based on processes of rationalisation, centralization, modernisation and normalisation of both intelligence activities and intelligence services in France. As a conclusion, the article addresses the reactions to the January and November 2015 terrorist attacks in Paris, and asks whether resilience towards terrorism requires to accelerate the pace of the transformation of the French intelligence sector. 相似文献
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李琳 《兵团教育学院学报》2003,13(3):62-64
本文通过对非英语专业学生四级考试分析,反映了当前大学英语写作教学存在的问题。在此基础上作者提出:改进当前英语写作问题的关键是教师要引导学生做有意义和高质量的语言输入,并重视智力与非智力因素在写作教学中的协调发展。 相似文献
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Joseph Soeters 《Defence Studies》2019,19(1):37-48
Military operations increasingly require cooperation between agencies within the same nation, but also collaboration with security and military organizations internationally. Throughout history multinational military cooperation has often been an appropriate way to conduct major operations; national manpower and material resources are generally insufficient to address the demands of missions worldwide. The desire to optimize the use of scarce research and development and investment capabilities, the need for international legitimacy and political support, and the fact that today’s risks transcend national borders, have rendered multinational cooperation in the security domain unavoidable. With joint operations comes the requirement for multi-partner- and multinational information sharing. However, information sharing has both advantages and costs, and is subject to both enabling factors as well as barriers. This paper reflects on theories, both classical and current, as well as empirical case studies, to examine the pros and cons of multinational information sharing, and the factors that conduce or interfere with the transmission and the receipt of intelligence. The importance of a holistic approach and of learning lessons learned are two key lessons gleaned from the analysis, along with an emphasis on developing both the organizational and the interpersonal enablers of information sharing. 相似文献
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Matthijs M. Maas 《Contemporary Security Policy》2019,40(3):285-311
Many observers anticipate “arms races” between states seeking to deploy artificial intelligence (AI) in diverse military applications, some of which raise concerns on ethical and legal grounds, or from the perspective of strategic stability or accident risk. How viable are arms control regimes for military AI? This article draws a parallel with the experience in controlling nuclear weapons, to examine the opportunities and pitfalls of efforts to prevent, channel, or contain the militarization of AI. It applies three analytical lenses to argue that (1) norm institutionalization can counter or slow proliferation; (2) organized “epistemic communities” of experts can effectively catalyze arms control; (3) many military AI applications will remain susceptible to “normal accidents,” such that assurances of “meaningful human control” are largely inadequate. I conclude that while there are key differences, understanding these lessons remains essential to those seeking to pursue or study the next chapter in global arms control. 相似文献
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本文根据无人机系统的主要技术特征对其发展阶段进行了分析概括,并对其智能化趋势进行了展望。首先,通过分析无人机系统的百余年发展历程和核心特点,将无人机系统的发展划分为萌芽起步阶段、初步发展阶段、崛起发展阶段、蓬勃发展阶段、稳步发展阶段和智能化发展阶段;其次,从主要特征、使命任务、任务载荷、导航系统和控制方式等角度对各个阶段特点进行了多维分析和对比;最后,从单体无人系统智能化(认知智能)、无人集群系统智能化(群体智能)和有人-无人系统智能化(混合智能)三个方面分析了无人机系统发展的智能化趋势。希冀这种从具体技术特征的角度来划分无人机系统发展阶段的方法对厘清无人机系统发展历程和趋势具有一定借鉴意义。 相似文献