Numerical modelling of non-ideal detonation in ANFO explosives applying Wood-Kirkwood theory coupled with EXPLO5 thermochemical code

Ammonium nitrate and fuel oil (ANFO) based explosive is a classic example of non-ideal high explosives. Its detonation is characterized by a strong dependence of detonation parameters on explosive charge diameter, presence and characteristics of confinement, as well as incomplete consumption of explosive at the sonic point.In this work we propose a detonation model based on the Wood-Kirkwood (WK) theory coupled with the thermochemical code EXPLO5 and supplemented with reaction rate models. Our objective is to analyze the validity of the model for highly non-ideal ANFO explosives, with emphasis on effect of reaction rate models.It was found that both single-step and two-step pressure-based models can be calibrated to reproduce experimental detonation velocity-charge radius data of ANFO at radii significantly above the failure radius (i.e. for D/D_id > ∼0.6). Single-step pressure-based model, with the pressure exponent equal to 1.4, proved to be the most accurate, even in the vicinity of the failure radius. The impact of the rate models is most evident on temporal (and spatial) distribution of flow parameters in detonation driving zone, especially when it comes to the conversion and width of detonation driving zone.     

Increasing of photostability of HNS explosive in the presence of UV photostabilizers

The photostabilies of hexanitrostillbene(HNS)were studied at 1％wt.of photostabilizers.The photo-stabilizers of Chiguard BP-12(UV-531),ADK STAB LA-326(UV-326),ADK STAB LA-32(UV-P),Irganox 1010 and Everstab LS944 were used in this study.A photoreactor including a 30 W monochromatic UV lamp was used for investigation of photodegradations of solid HNS.The changes in surface area of HNS peak in HPLC chromatogram at time intervals of 2,4,6 and 8 h were used for calculation of kinetic rate constants of photodegradation process.The compound of UV-P photostabilizer was found to have the greatest effect on enhancing photostability for HNS among the investigated photostabilizers.The kinetic rate constants were obtained 6.2 × 10-2 and 4.1 × 10-2 h-1,respectively,for photodegradation process of HNS in absence and in presence of UV-P.     

Mechanical behavior and failure mechanism of polyurea nanocomposites under quasi-static and dynamic compressive loading

Polyurea is an elastomeric material that can be applied to enhance the protection ability of structures under blast and impact loading.In order to study the compressive mechanical properties of SiC/polyurea nanocomposites under quasi-static and dynamic loading,a universal testing machine and split Hop-kinson pressure bar(SHPB)apparatus were used respectively.The stress-strain curves were obtained on polyurea and its composites at strain rates of 0.001-8000 s-1.The results of the experiment suggested that increase in the strain rates led to the rise of the flow stress,compressive strength,strain rate sensitivity and strain energy.This indicates that all of the presented materials were dependent on strain rate.Moreover,these mechanical characters were enhanced by incorporating a small amount of SiC into polyurea matrix.The relation between yield stress and strain rates were established using the power law functions.Finally,in order to investigate the fracture surfaces and inside information of failed specimens,scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and micro X-ray computed tomography(micro-CT)were used respectively.Multiple voids,crazes,micro-cracks and cracking were observed in fracture surfaces.On the other hand,the cracking propagation was found in the micro-CT slice images.It is essential to understand the deformation and failure mechanisms in all the polyurea materials.     

低速圆管流动的粒子仿真

运用信息保存法对低速圆管的流动现象进行了模拟,并与实验结果进行了比较,粒子仿真结果与实验结果吻合较好,且优于NS方程的结果。研究表明,在对低速圆管的模拟过程中,运用IP法在获得较好的结果的同时,具有比DSMC方法更高的计算效率。IP算法是解决低速圆管流动问题的有效途径。     

线性方程组二级迭代法的收敛速度

二级迭代法由内、外迭代和内迭代次数三部分组成。给出了线性方程组二级迭代法R1-收敛因子的一个上界,这个上界由内、外迭代的R1-收敛因子和内迭代次数所决定,其主部为外迭代的R1-收敛因子。在矩阵单调性条件下,对于任何内迭代方法和任意内迭代次数,证明了外迭代的R1-收敛因子也是二级迭代法R1-收敛因子的下界。所得结果反映了内、外迭代的收敛速度以及内迭代次数对于二级迭代法收敛速度的综合影响。     

Single machine scheduling with a restricted rate‐modifying activity

In this paper we consider the problem of scheduling a set of jobs on a single machine on which a rate‐modifying activity may be performed. The rate‐modifying activity is an activity that changes the production rate of the machine. So the processing time of a job is a variable, which depends on whether it is scheduled before or after the rate‐modifying activity. We assume that the rate‐modifying activity can take place only at certain predetermined time points, which is a constrained case of a similar problem discussed in the literature. The decisions under consideration are whether and when to schedule the rate‐modifying activity, and how to sequence the jobs in order to minimize some objectives. We study the problems of minimizing makespan and total completion time. We first analyze the computational complexity of both problems for most of the possible versions. The analysis shows that the problems are NP‐hard even for some special cases. Furthermore, for the NP‐hard cases of the makespan problem, we present a pseudo‐polynomial time optimal algorithm and a fully polynomial time approximation scheme. For the total completion time problem, we provide a pseudo‐polynomial time optimal algorithm for the case with agreeable modifying rates. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2005     

影响高层建筑内热烟气流动的因素分析

分析影响高层建筑内热烟气流动的五种因素,即烟囱效应、外部风压作用、高温烟气浮力作用、气体受热膨胀作用、通风和空调系统作用。这有助于对高层建筑内热烟气流动规律的研究,并进一步对高层建筑内热烟气的管理与控制提供依据。     

棱纹面与洛仑兹力对湍流边界层特性影响的比较

用氢气泡技术对棱纹面平板以及施加行波式洛仑兹力的平板水边界层开展流动显示实验研究,探讨棱纹面与行波式洛仑兹力影响湍流边界层相干结构的作用机理.实验结果表明,棱纹面与洛仑兹力促进了边界层由层流向湍流的转捩;而对于湍流边界层,在一定的无量纲参数范围内棱纹面与行波式洛仑兹力都能实现边界层的局部减阻,相应地湍流边界层粘性底层低速条带平均间距有所增加.     

基于程度分析法的消防安全评价

为了控制和防范火灾的发生,减少其对人民和社会的威胁,对建筑物进行更为准确、高效的火灾风险评估十分必要。在层次分析法的基础上,选取不同层次的评价者,采用程度分析法对建筑消防安全指标的安全度和权重进行评估,然后根据各个指标的安全度和权重的评估值得到建筑的安全度,最后运用程度分析法对某购物广场的消防安全度进行了评估。评价结果说明程度分析法脱离了以往专家打分的方法对评价者要求过高的束缚,同时比专家打分的方法具有更好的稳定性,是对消防安全评价方法的一个补充。