油改气汽车火灾原因分析与防范措施

介绍了“油改气”汽车的概念及分类,从改装工艺、关键零部件质量、监督验审、燃气质量等几个方面详细分析了“油改气”汽车的火灾原因,重点就控制燃气泄漏,提出了完善法规体系、严格监督、驾驶人员自觉履行各项安全规程、提高燃气质量等火灾防范措施。     

油罐基础渗漏油气扩散模型研究

基于油罐基础渗漏特征,结合实验数据,提出油罐动态渗漏边界条件,建立油罐基础渗漏油气扩散数学模型。采用有限差分法对扩散过程进行数值模拟,结合同工况实验室及现场油罐基础渗漏数据进行对比分析,并对模型的准确性和可靠度进行了验证。结果表明,模型计算结果与实验数据吻合较好,相对误差在可接受范围内,该模型能够准确预测监测点油气到达时刻,揭示油气渗漏扩散规律。     

CONTRIBUTORS

Russia holds the largest stocks of civilian highly enriched uranium (HEU) of any country, operating more than fifty research reactors, pulsed reactors, and critical assemblies using HEU, as well as nine HEU-fueled icebreakers. Russia's participation in international efforts to phase out civilian HEU is crucial if international HEU minimization efforts are to succeed. Individual Russian institutes and organizations participate in international programs to replace HEU with low-enriched uranium in Soviet-supplied research reactors, develop alternative fuels, and repatriate fresh and spent HEU fuel from third countries. However, an overarching national policy on HEU phase-out has yet to be adopted. There are many obstacles to obtaining such a commitment from Moscow. At the same time, the ongoing reform of the Russian nuclear industry and plans for expansion of domestic nuclear power generation and for increased nuclear exports create opportunities for securing such a commitment.     

RUSSIAN NAVAL NUCLEAR FUEL AND REACTORS

Russian naval nuclear fuel and reactors pose both proliferation and environmental threats, ranging from the possible theft of highly enriched uranium fuel to the radioactive contamination of the environment, whether due to accident, neglect, or sabotage. Current conditions at Russian naval bases, together with a history of accidents and incidents involving Russia's nuclear fleet, make a convincing case for the large-scale assistance that the G8 is now providing to improve the safety and security of Russian naval reactors and fuel. However, virtually no data has been released to allow accurate, reliable, and independent analysis of reactor and fuel properties, risking misguided international efforts to assist in the areas of nuclear cleanup, nonproliferation, and security. This article identifies and assesses relevant properties and developments related to reactor and fuel design, provides a comprehensive presentation of Russian nuclear naval technologies, and examines technological trends in the context of proliferation and environmental security.     

THE NUCLEAR THRESHOLD STATES

“Nuclear threshold states”—those that have chosen nuclear restraint despite having significant nuclear capabilities—seem like the perfect partners for the reinvigorated drive toward global nuclear disarmament. Having chosen nuclear restraint, threshold states may embrace disarmament as a way to guarantee the viability of their choice (which may be impossible in a proliferating world). Supporting disarmament efforts affirms their restraint, both self-congratulating and self-fulfilling. Additionally, the commitment to their non-nuclear status springs at least in part from a moral stance against nuclear weapons that lends itself to energetic support of global disarmament. However, threshold states also offer significant challenges to the movement for nuclear weapons elimination, in particular in relation to acquisition of enrichment and reprocessing facilities. This article analyzes both the challenges and opportunities posed by threshold states by examining the cases of Brazil and Japan.     

罐底渗漏的罐基油气质量分数探测法识别

油罐是油品储运的重要设备,罐底最易出现穿孔渗漏油现象,致使罐基内部油气质量分数高于正常值。以油库中柴油覆土罐群为例,研究并试验了根据罐基油气质量分数识别罐底渗漏的方法：分析罐基探漏孔位置分布并钻孔;多次探测罐基油气质量分数,根据探测数据识别各罐有无底部渗漏;为了便于以后检测油库时识别各罐有无渗漏,为各罐建立状态监测表,并将无渗漏的罐基油气质量分数最高值暂定为该类罐的安全值,低于该安全值的油罐可直接判定为无渗漏。实践结果证明,这种不开罐检测罐底渗漏油的方法可及时发现故障并采取措施,对储油安全具有重要意义。     

军用飞机燃油消耗多元线性回归模型

为了解决军用飞机非标准动作燃油消耗建模问题,利用实际飞参数据,采用多元线性回归方法进行建模分析。建立了燃油消耗量与飞行时间、油箱平均油量、平均高度、平均速度、T1温度、T4温度、N2转速、高度变化量、飞机外挂的多元线性回归模型,并对回归模型进行统计性检验和验证。结论显示:模型拟合度较好,符合军用飞机飞行耗油规律,对军用飞机非标准动作燃油消耗规律研究具有重要意义。     

储存喷气燃料中特征真菌的鉴定与生长特性

使用沙保氏平板培养基对储存喷气燃料进行真菌培养,并在沙保氏液体培养基中纯化特征真菌,观察特征真菌菌落及孢子形态,进行形态学初步鉴定。对特征真菌进行18S rDNA测序,将得到的DNA序列在美国国立生物技术信息中心网站上进行比对,最终鉴定储存喷气燃料中的特征真菌为芽枝霉属Amorphotheca resinae真菌。建立起燃料-水-菌落体系,在不同水质量分数、氧气体积分数和温度条件,研究Amorphotheca resinae真菌在燃料中的生长特性,并用颗粒计数器检测不同代谢速度下燃料颗粒污染度的变化。结果表明,较低的水质量分数、氧气体积分数和温度均能抑制Amorphotheca resinae真菌生长,从而抑制由真菌代谢引起的喷气燃料颗粒污染度变化,提高燃料洁净度。     

密码芯片电磁信息泄漏评估方法研究

基于半定制集成电路设计流程,提出一种对CMOS集成电路进行电磁信息泄漏评估的方法。该方法首先利用综合工具生成电路的门级网表,将门级网表中的普通单元替换为防护逻辑单元,然后利用电磁辐射仿真模型和电磁信息泄漏评估模型对集成电路进行电磁辐射仿真和信息泄漏分析。该方法能够在设计阶段对密码芯片的抗电磁旁路攻击能力进行评估,可提高密码芯片的设计效率,减少资源浪费。     

谈侦检车在处置核泄漏灾害事故中的应用

因海啸而引起的日本福岛核电站核泄漏危机,充分警示人类必须做好有效应对核泄漏事故的准备工作。核生化侦检车具有快速标定核辐射物质、确定辐射边界的功能,消防部队应研究、掌握和应用核生化侦检技术,积极做好应对今后有可能发生的核生化灾害事故的准备工作。