ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MILITARY EXPENDITURE,THREAT, AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: A NONLINEAR APPROACH

The main objective of the paper is to decipher the military expenditure–economic growth relationship, taking the level of economic development (income) into consideration. Our findings suggest the following: (i) military expenditure has a significantly negative relationship to economic growth for the 23 countries with initial incomes (threshold variable) less than or equal to $475.93; (ii) when the threat level is heightened, economic growth (23 countries) is expected to decrease. However, military expenditure in the presence of sufficiently large threats increases growth; (iii) for the remaining 69 countries whose initial incomes (real GDP per capita in 1992 price) exceed $475.93, no significant relationship exists whether the threat variable is taken into consideration or not.     

A note on defence spending in turkey: New findings

The relationship between defence spending and economic growth has been examined extensively in recent years using the Feder (1983) model. These studies suffer from poor statistical results. In this paper, the earlier findings of Sezgin (1997), which used the Feder model are re‐estimated. Firstly, the stationarity of variables is tested. Due to the non‐stationarity of some variables, regressions are performed using first differences of variables. Secondly, lags are introduced into the Feder model. The statistical results are highly improved. Not only is a strong positive association between defence spending and economic growth found for Turkey, but also human capital is positively correlated to Turkish economic growth with a lag.     

中等收入人口定位的收入比区间法

为准确定位中等收入人口,在分析洛伦兹曲线和贫富分界点的基础上,以人口收入占总收入比例来描述中等收入人口。提出了中等收入人口定位的收入比区间法,先利用非线性最小二乘拟合洛伦兹曲线,计算出贫富分界点,然后确定经过两极分化指数修正的中等收入比区间,进而计算中等收入水平及人口,给出了算法步骤。A,B两地区的定位结果表明,用收入比描述中等收入人口符合经济学规律,收入比区间法能有效定位和度量中等收入人口。全国城镇居民中等收入定位结果表明,中等收入人口的比例在下降,收入水平在增加,收入分配的公平性得到了改善。     

超重力下燃烧合成Al2O3-ZrO2（4Y）共晶陶瓷的自挤压工艺研究

引入自挤压工艺辅助超重力下燃烧合成制备Al2O3-ZrO2（4Y）共晶复合陶瓷,可有效地消除陶瓷制品的缩孔、缩松组织等缺陷,陶瓷致密性得到明显提高,同时又有效地抑制陶瓷裂纹萌生。XRD分析显示共晶陶瓷由α-Al2O3,t-ZrO2及少量的m-ZrO2三相组成,且随自挤压力增大,陶瓷中可相变的t-ZrO2的体积分数增加。SEM观察发现陶瓷的显微组织中的棒状共晶团随自挤压力的增大而细化,体积分数增加,且分布其上的t-ZrO2纤维直径变小,共晶团组织边缘处的ZrO2枝晶逐渐转变为细小的球晶,共晶团边界组织厚度逐渐减小,从而使陶瓷力学性能得以提升。     

油耗线法测定柴油机机械效率的理论分析

本文阐明了用油耗线法测定柴油机机械损失的理论依据,并指出该法所得结果为接近空载时的值.     

辛算法应用于Duffing方程的保结构性

讨论了不受外力的Duffing方程在辛算法和非辛算法作用下,相轨线被保持和破坏的性质。证明了当时间步长充分小时,辛算法可以保持原系统的大部分不变闭曲线,而非辛算法却做不到这一点。     

保凸均匀三次B样条插值曲线

均匀三次Ｂ样条曲线虽然具有保凸性,但曲线不通过任何控制顶点,我们在相邻两个控制点之间插入两个新的控制顶点后,所产生的新的均匀三次Ｂ样条曲线不但插值原来所有控制顶点,而且还保凸。本文描述的曲线可以作局部修改,给出了两个数值例子。     

熔融织构（MTG）的YBa2Cu3O7-δ块材的交流磁化率研究

本文通过控制温度梯度和降温速率等烧结工艺制备了熔融织构的YBa_2Cu_3O_(7-8)块材,经结构分析和交流磁化率测量,发现样品晶粒择优取向,样品开始出现抗磁信号的温度为92K,交流磁化率虚部只存在一个反映晶粒内部损耗的小尖峰。施加直流场0-600高斯,小尖峰向低温移动,峰的半宽度略有展宽,峰的高度增强。用磁滞损耗解释了上述结果。     

平面 NURBS 曲线的椭圆弧自适应逼近

给出了用椭圆弧及双椭圆弧自适应逼近平面NURBS曲线的算法。算法所得到的椭圆样条能够G1连续 ,双椭圆样条还能够保形。与现行的圆弧逼近算法相比 ,本算法不需要求解非线性方程组 ,而是由给定的插补误差自动计算参数增量 ,得到椭圆曲线的特征点 ,还可以将误差控制在预期的范围之内 ;与现行的直线插补方法相比 ,不需要额外的时间和空间 ,也适用于CNC环境。本算法在腔体加工、二维轮廓加工等方面有特别的实用价值。     

驱动管中柱状装药爆轰过程的数值模拟

数值模拟了爆炸驱动管中柱状装药内爆轰波的传播过程.计算采用欧拉型有限体积方法,炸药及爆轰产物均采用JWL状态方程,空气采用理想气体状态方程,采用\"点火-生长\"模型计算化学反应速率.计算得到了驱动管内波系结构的发展过程,爆速与经验公式符合得较好.计算表明,驱动管侧壁的压力峰值在800MPa以上,而在管底中心处,由于激波的汇聚,压力峰值高达12.4GPa.