Experimental study on explosion dispersion process of a multi-layer composite charge under different initiation modes

The influence of initiation modes on the explosive dispersion process of the multi-layer composite charge (MCC) was studied. Overpressure sensors and high-speed photography system were used to investigate the energy release process of an MCC with a specific structure. The shock wave pressure and explosive dispersion characteristics of the MCC under different initiation modes were compared. The forming and expanding process of the shock wave of the composite charge under different initiation modes was determined. The separation position of the shock wave and fireball interface was determined. The calculation formulas of the shock radius and overpressure of the composite charge are presented. The radius of the shock wave of the composite charge was significantly affected by the initiation mode. Moreover, the development process of the composite explosive fireball under different initiation modes was analyzed, the variation rules of the composite charge dispersion radius and fireball dispersion velocity with time were obtained under the different initiation modes, the explosion energy release rate of composite charge under simultaneous initiation modes was the highest, and the peak overpressure under the simultaneous initiation mode was 1.61 times that of central single-point initiation.     

Investigation on energy output structure of explosives near-ground explosion

In order to give the energy output structure of typical explosives near-ground explosion in real ground conditions, the free-field shockwave, ground reflection shockwave and Mach wave overpressure time history of composition B explosive, RDX explosive and aluminized explosive were measured by air pressure sensors and ground pressure sensors. The shape of the free-field shock wave, ground reflection shock wave, and Mach wave and explosion flame were captured by high-speed camera. The experimental results show that, at the same horizontal distance from the initiation point, the peak overpressure of explosive shock wave of composition B explosive, both in the air and on the ground, is less than that of RDX and aluminized explosives. At a distance of 3.0 m from the initiation point, the peak overpressure of aluminized explosives is slightly less than that of RDX explosives. Owing to the exothermic effect of aluminum powder, the pressure drop of aluminized explosives is slower than that of RDX explosives. At 5.0 m from the initiation point, the peak overpressure of aluminized explosives is larger than that of RDX explosives. At the same position from the initiation point, among the three kinds of explosives, the impulse of aluminized explosives is the maximum and the impulse of composition B explosives is the minimum. With the increase of the horizontal distance from the initiation point, the height of Mach triple-points (Mach steam) of the three explosives increases gradually. At the same horizontal distance from the initiation point, there is poorly difference in the height of Mach triple-points between aluminized explosive and RDX explosive, and the height of Mach triple-points of composition B explosive is much smaller than that of other two explosives. The maximum diameter and duration of the fireball formed by aluminized explosives are the largest, followed by composition B explosive, and the maximum diameter and duration of the fireball formed by RDX explosive are the smallest.     

The crisis of American military assistance: strategic dithering and Fabergé Egg armies

ABSTRACT

The United States has provided substantial amounts of military assistance and aid since the end of World War Two. During the Cold War, it proved vital in protecting numerous regimes from communist takeovers. Successful outcomes occurred when American leaders made large initial aid commitments, and the states had the capacity and political willpower to use it effectively. However, Vietnam was an example of how U.S. support lagged, as leaders in Saigon preferred political survival instead of creating regime legitimacy. Following 9/11, American security aid focused on making weak countries develop stronger security forces. Unfortunately, this created Fabergé egg militaries: expensive and easily broken by insurgents. This article suggests long-term strategic commitments need to be made alongside more resources for the American State Department and similar organizations to focus on the politics of state-building. Finally, this article suggests strategies, such as “whole-of-government” approaches, to improve long-term security and political institution building.     

Ka波段VCO控制信号发生器设计及调制域测试方法

采用DSP的SPORT端口控制16位高速串行DAC,设计了任意电压信号发生器,用于控制Ka波段连续波雷达压控振荡器产生频率可任意调制的发射信号。利用该信号发生器与调制域分析仪,测试了压控振荡器的调制特性和阶跃响应。     

基于相关算法超声流量计的研究

为解决开采原油的精确在线计量问题,在对超声波相关流量计原理分析的基础上,重点研究了超声波相关流量算法。采用循环相关算法,有效克服了有限长离散数据线性相关算法所出现的计算失效问题,并以DSP芯片为核心,实现了超声波相关流量测量系统的设计,完成了信息不丢失测量以及对困难流体流量的非接触在线计量。实验方案经油田现场测试,计量误差可以控制在2%以内。     

水下近距爆炸作用下弹性钢板处的空化特性研究

弹性钢板在水下近距爆炸作用下,冲击波会使其附近流体形成局部空化,脉动气泡会使流体形成锥形空化。利用平面冲击波理论对局部空化的形成特性进行了研究,理论分析了结构目标尺度的变化对空化区域形成的影响,并通过具体试验对局部空化理论进行了验证,两者符合较好;通过试验和数值仿真方法研究了气泡脉动引起的锥形空化的形成特点,初步分析了锥形空化的形成原因。结果表明,锥形空化对结构具有较大的冲击作用。     

等幅分米波对无线电引信的辐照效应研究

分析了无线电引信电磁环境效应研究的重要性,给出了研究所需的实验设备和实验方法,选择某型集成电路分米波无线电近炸引信,从勤务处理状态和工作状态两个方面,研究了无线电引信的等幅分米波辐照效应,确定了被试无线电引信的等幅分米波辐照干扰阈值以及干扰阈值随辐照频率的变化规律,分析了等幅分米波对无线电引信的能量耦合途径。     

非平衡机制下激光与等离子体相互作用机理

采用三温度热化学非平衡模型,考虑了激光能量在空气等离子体中的共振吸收和逆韧致吸收机制,用有限差分NND格式对控制方程组进行数值离散.对等离子体点火过程进行耦合计算,并研究了不同入射激光强度条件下等离子体吸收波的形成和演化机制,讨论了粘性扩散效应对等离子体吸收波的影响.结果表明,在初始温度300K,大气压力条件下,生成ZND模式的LSD波所需最小激光强度为5.0×106 W/cm2.     

多波段隐身兼容中的几个矛盾问题的分析

多波段隐身兼容是隐身技术发展的方向,但是每增加一个隐身内容或波段,都对隐身兼容的实现增加很大的难度。分析了多波段隐身兼容技术中存在的几个矛盾问题,包括1 06μm激光隐身与近红外隐身兼容的矛盾、主被动毫米波隐身兼容的矛盾、10 6μm激光与8～14μm热红外隐身兼容的矛盾,同时探讨了解决这些矛盾问题的方法。     

Shock wave mitigation using zig-zag structures and cylindrical obstructions

The present study focuses on the mitigation of shock wave using novel geometric passages in the flow field. The strategy is to produce multiple shock reflections and diffractions in the passage with minimum flow obstruction, which in turn is expected to reduce the shock wave strength at the target location. In the present study the interaction of a plane shock front (generated from a shock tube) with various geometric designs such as, 1) zig-zag geometric passage, 2) staggered cylindrical obstructions and 3) zig-zag passage with cylindrical obstructions have been investigated using computational technique. It is seen from the numerical simulation that, among the various designs, the maximum shock attenuation is produced by the zig-zag passage with cylindrical obstructions which is then followed by zig-zag passage and staggered cylindrical obstructions. A comprehensive investigation on the shock wave reflection and diffraction phenomena happening in the proposed complex passages have also been carried out. In the new zig-zag design, the initial shock wave undergoes shock wave reflection and diffraction process which swaps alternatively as the shock front moves from one turn to the other turn. This cyclic shock reflection and diffraction process helps in diffusing the shock wave energy with practically no obstruction to the flow field. It is found that by combining the shock attenuation ability of zig-zag passage (using shock reflection and diffraction) with the shock attenuation ability of cylindrical blocks (by flow obstruction), a drastic attenuation in shock strength can be achieved with moderate level of flow blocking.