Patents and Dual-use Technology: An Empirical Study of the World's Largest Defence Companies

Abstract

This paper examines the generation of technological knowledge by leading companies in the defence industry. In particular, we test whether the characteristics of large defence companies are related to both the production of different types of patents (civilian, military and mixed), and the generation of dual-use technologies. To explore these links, we rely on economic data for the top 100 defence companies from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute database, and patent information from the Worldwide Patent Statistical Database. Our results show that the relationship between the production of civilian patents and the size of the company is positive and significant. However, this relationship does not hold for the production of military patents. Furthermore, the military commercial profile is unrelated to the generation of military patents. Regarding the involvement in dual-use technologies, firms engaged in dual-use are those with higher military sales, a greater number of employees and a larger number of patents (civilian, military and mixed) than those not engaged in dual-use. Furthermore, we found a skill effect (more involvement in dual-use per employee) in European firms compared to US firms. These findings help to identify which firms should be targeted by government policies if increasing dual-use technologies becomes a political objective.     

Trinitarian troubles: governmental,military, and societal explanations for post-1945 Western failures in asymmetric conflicts

It seems paradoxical that powerful Western states are at their most vulnerable when the disparity in military capabilities between them and their opponents is at its largest. Yet it is precisely in such ‘asymmetric conflicts’ that Western countries have failed to achieve their overall political objectives the most often. Focusing on the post-1945 world, this article will examine governmental, military, and societal reasons for Western failures in asymmetric conflicts. Politicians' lack of understanding regarding war's fundamental nature, militaries' tendency to dissociate operational goals from grand strategy objectives and citizens' moral aversion to warfare appear to be among the main obstacles to success.     

一种面向宽带复杂信号侦察的可配置计算应用框架

可配置计算系统的优势与系统设计过程的复杂性是一对矛盾,可配置计算框架为此提供了有益的思路。但受限于适用范围与通用性考虑,已有的特别是商业框架仅支持系统的静态重构。本文针对宽带信号侦察这一特定应用领域,提出了一种功能级可配置计算应用框架BSRRCS-RCAF,该框架将领域应用中具有共性的计算与功能模块抽取和集中起来,形成二进制比特流配置文件库,并提供构建此类系统的公共服务体系。基于公共服务体系以及配置文件库,当需要修改或者重新构建宽带信号侦察系统时,只需在现有框架下动态调用配置组件库,或者遵循框架的统一设计接口完善补充组件库中的特定功能部分,整个系统设计框架将得到方便复用,便于实现基于快速重构的多种系统功能。     

利用网络动力学评估复杂社会网络知识传播性能

为了对复杂社会网络知识传播性能进行评估,提出了利用复杂网络动力学和知识传播指数相结合的评估模型,该模型综合考虑了网络的拓扑特性、个人的知识普及能力和对知识的感兴趣程度,通过网络知识传播指数阈值的大小来衡量网络的知识传播性能.通过仿真发现,知识在社会网络中的传播对均匀网络平均度值和无标度网络初始传播节点度值的依赖性小,对知识传播指数的依赖性大;在相同条件限制下,无标度社会网络的知识传播性能要高于平均度值相等的均匀社会网络.     

建筑造型元素——构架的设计与创意

合理的构架设计不仅升华了建筑的外观造型,而且丰富了建筑整体的内涵;失败的构架设计则会产生适得其反的效果。创意的构架设计则是从时代发展的变化趋势着手,赋予构架新的生命。介绍了构架的作用,从过渡空间、形态转换、建筑特性、技术结合、灵活可变5个方面探讨了构架造型的设计创意,揭示了构架造型的设计手法,并剖析了构架这种造型元素在当前建筑设计上的发展趋势,提出应当注重构架的一体化设计,强调构架与实用功能相结合,并应充分发挥构架造型价值的设计观点。     

C4ISR体系结构设计方法

系统体系结构的设计在C4ISR系统开发中具有重要的地位,文章深入研究了目前运用广泛的三种C4ISR系统体系结构分析设计方法面向过程分析方法、面向对象设计方法和三维视图方法,分析了各种方法的优缺点并进行了比较;讨论了C4ISR体系结构设计方法和C4ISR系统本身的发展趋势以及两者之间的密切关系,对C4ISR系统体系结构的建设提出了自己的看法.     

C4ISR系统体系结构设计集成环境

C4ISR系统体系结构设计是系统综合集成的基础.针对C4ISR体系结构框架2.0,分析了体系结构产品的特点,研究了体系结构产品设计工具的分类以及应该具有的功能,提出体系结构产品设计工具的集成框架和基于体系结构核心数据库的数据管理机制,并实现了体系结构产品设计工具以及体系结构设计集成环境.     

虚拟再制造研究的体系框架

再制造工程是人类社会可持续发展战略的重要保证,虚拟再制造是提高再制造工程效益的重要内容。为了进一步开展广泛而深入地研究,首先需要明确其主要基础理论及重要研究内容。现根据虚拟再制造的显著特点,参考虚拟制造的研究内容,探讨建立了虚拟再制造研究的体系框架。     

知识图谱的预警探测体系探测效能贝叶斯评估方法

战争中,预警探测体系作为典型的复杂系统,其探测效能发挥情况的有效评估一直是亟需人们研究解决的重要现实问题。突破了传统效能评估方法的局限,在分析了知识图谱技术、贝叶斯评估方法基本原理的基础上,提出了基于两者综合运用的预警探测体系探测效能评估新方法,利用专家知识和实验数据构建知识图谱,并进一步使用贝叶斯网络方法实施知识推理,从而实现了体系探测效能评估。通过构建具体作战场景,验证了所提方法的有效性,并基于推演数据分析了所提方法的评估情况。