基于能量与动量矩指标的两次“推-滑”离轨制导方法

对航天器在有限推力作用下的"推-滑-推-滑"离轨轨道制导问题进行了研究。将再入接口条件转化为能量与动量矩指标,基于该指标得出了单次"推-滑"的临界地心距,分析了其对离轨策略的影响;推导了有推力作用时飞行器能量与动量矩的相对变化规律,通过使飞行器的能量与动量矩以同样的相对速度减小的方法,导出了制导方程;得到了首次制动时推力方向始终与速度方向相反,二次制动根据制导方程进行导引的轨道形式;对不同高度与不同再入接口条件的离轨问题进行了数值仿真。仿真结果表明,该方法计算量小,可有效解决单次"推-滑"无法实现的离轨制导问题。     

目标反射特性对激光末制导精度的影响

从物理光学和辐射原理的角度分析了目标反射特性对激光末制导精度的影响 ,给出了目标反射系数的直接测量方法 ,最后得出结论并提出了减少受其影响的措施。分析结果表明目标反射特性会影响激光末制导炮弹的接收反射激光信号功率的大小 ,进而影响激光末制导炮弹的制导概率 ,因而对于不同质地的目标 ,要根据目标的反射系数来确定激光指示器可靠的照射距离 ,选择其照射攻击部位 ,以提高激光末制导精度。     

现代战略武器的制导与控制

从现代战略武器小型化、高精度、强突防、全天候和机动飞行的发展趋势,阐述了MIRV系统工作原理、现代弹头的制导方式方法。并从弹头引爆控制系统的角度分析了制导误差及非制导误差对导弹精度的影响。针对导弹提高命中精度的需要,围绕提高战略武器攻击能力,主要是战斗部的威力、命中精度以及作战效果,提出应当在复合制导、综合引爆技术等方面提高导弹精度。     

低阶像差校正的压电驱动变形镜测试与仿真优化

光纤激光器输出光束带有波前畸变,制约了光学系统的性能和工作效率。搭建实验系统分析了超连续谱光纤激光器系统输出光束的像差特性,不同波长的滤波片测试像差均以离焦为主。根据这一特点制备了3单元单层横向压电驱动变形镜样镜,并进行特性测试。变形镜影响函数有限元仿真和实测吻合度可达77%以上,一阶谐振频率12. 1 k Hz。以实际像差为对象进行闭环仿真,校正精度达到0. 77。另外,从校正精度及行程两个方面对变形镜进行了有限元优化仿真。结果 9单元变形镜(有效口径7. 5 mm)校正精度达到0. 9左右。镜片与压电片厚度比存在最优值约0. 3,行程可提升60%以上。     

环境参数在线辨识及其在滑翔段制导中的应用

针对助推滑翔导弹,提出基于飞行环境参数在线辨识的滑翔段数值预测校正制导方法。综合考虑大气密度和气动系数对导弹运动的影响,引入滑翔段综合环境参数,利用扩展Kalman滤波方法对综合参数进行在线辨识。基于在线辨识结果,利用渐消记忆递推最小二乘方法在线建立环境参数预测模型,并利用最新辨识结果进行模型的在线修正。设计了纵向和横向制导律,并基于环境参数在线预测模型进行落点预测,以克服飞行环境扰动对落点预测精度的影响。进行了大气密度非定常扰动下的制导仿真,以及密度和气动参数随机扰动下的Monte Carlo仿真。仿真结果表明:环境参数在线预测模型能准确预报飞行环境参数,制导方法对飞行环境扰动具有较强的鲁棒性。     

飞秒激光烧蚀硅的瞬态演化特性仿真

为深入揭示飞秒激光烧蚀硅的瞬态演化特性,建立了飞秒激光烧蚀硅材料理论模型,并进行了仿真研究。研究表明:飞秒激光可在脉宽时间内激发大量的电子,使其浓度超过损伤阈值,而此时晶格仍保持在较"冷"状态,直到1 ns量级才达到熔点温度;电子温度也会在脉宽时间内急剧拉升至104K量级,随后将能量缓慢地释放给晶格,直到10 ns量级才与晶格达到热平衡。电子存在两次急剧升温的过程:第一次起于自由电子吸收,止于电子与晶格的能量耦合;第二次起于单光子和双光子吸收,止于脉冲结束。脉冲能量越大,电子密度和温度越高;脉宽越短,电子温度越高。     

The Serbian defence institution: the need for clear policy guidance to improve the Serbian defence planning,management, and command processes

ABSTRACT

The uncritical layering of western liberal defence governance norms and concepts on top of existing legacy concepts has impeded achieving coherent military capabilities and capacities when Serbia’s political and military leadership tried to reform the defence system using Western benchmarking principles and Western countries’ best practices. The process of this change has been more valuable than its actual output, as defined by increased capabilities. Such outcomes should be reflective of policy guidance, and can be thought of as closing the trinity loop of a defence planning system: plans, money and execution. This article addresses two key functional areas of the Serbian defence institution. First, it assesses the current state of defence planning to discern its strengths and weaknesses to ascertain if plans are tied to financial decision-making. Second, a full examination of current Serbian defence management is conducted to discern whether weaknesses exist that distract from producing operational capabilities. Both areas are analyzed thoroughly and some solutions for change are proposed. Also, the article analyzes the appearance of two negative phenomena in the planning process – economization and managerialism.     

Integrated guidance and control of guided projectile with multiple constraints based on fuzzy adaptive and dynamic surface

Based on fuzzy adaptive and dynamic surface (FADS), an integrated guidance and control (IGC) approach was proposed for large caliber naval gun guided projectile, which was robust to target maneuver, canard dynamic characteristics, and multiple constraints, such as impact angle, limited measurement of line of sight (LOS) angle rate and nonlinear saturation of canard deflection. Initially, a strict feedback cascade model of IGC in longitudinal plane was established, and extended state observer (ESO) was designed to estimate LOS angle rate and uncertain disturbances with unknown boundary inside and outside of system, including aerodynamic parameters perturbation, target maneuver and model errors. Secondly, aiming at zeroing LOS angle tracking error and LOS angle rate in finite time, a nonsingular terminal sliding mode (NTSM) was designed with adaptive exponential reaching law. Furthermore, combining with dynamic surface, which prevented the complex differential of virtual control laws, the fuzzy adaptive systems were designed to approximate observation errors of uncertain disturbances and to reduce chatter of control law. Finally, the adaptive Nussbaum gain function was introduced to compensate nonlinear saturation of canard deflection. The LOS angle tracking error and LOS angle rate were convergent in finite time and whole system states were uniform ultimately bounded, rigorously proven by Lyapunov stability theory. Hardware-in-the-loop simulation (HILS) and digital simulation experiments both showed FADS provided guided projectile with good guidance performance while striking targets with different maneuvering forms.     

激光制备多层结构的软质基底耐磨类金刚石膜

为提高金属铜软基底的耐磨、抗蚀能力,采用脉冲激光沉积技术制备了金属铜基底上的多层结构类金刚石保护膜;其中的碳化硅-类金刚石循环层避免了类金刚石膜层中内应力的累积,降低了功能类金刚石层破裂的风险,碳化硅持力层降低了软质铜基底与高硬度类金刚石层的硬度差,金属钛层则使得铜基底与上层碳化硅层牢固结合。实验测试表明,多层结构类金刚石保护膜在铜基底上附着牢固,可通过美军标MIL-48497A规定的重摩擦和国军标GJB150.5A-2009规定的高低温冲击试验,同时能够承受弱碱溶液的腐蚀;摩擦系数低、处于0.093以下,耐磨性能好、2 h摩擦未见磨痕。针对不同金属基底特性改进工艺,该技术可应用于存在腐蚀性环境中机械工具的抗磨保护膜。     

考虑落角约束与驾驶仪特性的自适应径向基空间末制导律

为使舰炮制导炮弹在打击近岸机动目标的末制导段满足落角约束,考虑驾驶仪动态特性,基于自适应径向基逼近网络与动态面提出一种空间末制导律。构建弹目相对运动模型,通过带改进微分跟踪器的扩张状态观测器估计目标加速度。为零化视线角跟踪误差与角速率,采用自适应指数趋近律设计非奇异终端滑模,运用自适应径向基逼近网络削弱控制指令抖振。通过Lyapunov第二法证明了系统的视线角跟踪误差与视线角速率均最终一致有界。仿真实验表明:该末制导律使制导炮弹在空间中打击不同机动形式的近岸目标时,具备良好的末制导性能。