Xunzi on the Role of the Military in a Well-Ordered State

Chapter 15 of the Xunzi stands as the most comprehensive account of the early Confucian analysis of warfare. Unlike a range of other early, non-Confucian discussions on warfare, particular strategies and tactics are taken to be of secondary importance. Thus, Xunzi refuses to discuss practical military strategy without framing it within a much broader ethical, social, and political context. On his account, a well-ordered, flourishing state necessarily rests upon a particular set of rituals and social norms in which people can cultivate themselves morally. Such a state has nothing to fear from any enemy, no matter how tactically sophisticated or militarily skilled. To many, such a view seems overly optimistic. However, given that Xunzi is anything but Pollyannaish in other parts of the text and is quite pessimistic about human nature in general, it behooves us to dig a bit more deeply into his ideas about military affairs and examine whether they can be understood in a more plausible light. This article provides a reading of Xunzi’s views on military affairs that is internally consistent and corresponds with Xunzi’s broader ethical and political views, while also showing why someone of Xunzi’s obvious intellectual acumen might hold such a view.     

A worst‐case formulation for constrained ranking and selection with input uncertainty

In this research, we consider robust simulation optimization with stochastic constraints. In particular, we focus on the ranking and selection problem in which the computing time is sufficient to evaluate all the designs (solutions) under consideration. Given a fixed simulation budget, we aim at maximizing the probability of correct selection (PCS) for the best feasible design, where the objective and constraint measures are assessed by their worst‐case performances. To simplify the complexity of PCS, we develop an approximated probability measure and derive the asymptotic optimality condition (optimality condition as the simulation budget goes to infinity) of the resulting problem. A sequential selection procedure is then designed within the optimal computing budget allocation framework. The high efficiency of the proposed procedure is tested via a number of numerical examples. In addition, we provide some useful insights into the efficiency of a budget allocation procedure.     

采用随机几何工具的终端直通通信接入控制方法

针对现有具备终端直通（Device-to-Device, D2D）功能的蜂窝网络的干扰管理问题,提出一种新型的采用随机几何工具的D2D通信接入控制方法。利用随机过程理论以及随机几何工具建立模型分析邻近基站和D2D通信对蜂窝通信的影响,并推导蜂窝业务接入失败概率表达式。基于该表达式能够计算网络允许的最大D2D用户密度,辅助D2D通信接入控制实现干扰管理。仿真证明基于所提数值计算方法获得的估计结果与蒙特卡洛仿真结果相符,且通过合理限制D2D用户密度和D2D用户发射功率可满足指定的蜂窝业务接入失败概率要求。     

高精度CFD程序的内外子区域划分异构并行算法

对计算流体力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD)程序CNS提出一种Offload模式下对任务内外子区域划分的异构并行算法,结合结构化网格下有限差分计算和四阶龙格-库塔方法的特点,引入ghost网格点区域,设计了一种ghost区域收缩计算策略,显著降低了异构计算资源之间的数据传输开销,负载均衡时CPU端的计算与MPI通信完全和加速器端的计算重叠,提高了异构协同并行性。推导了保证计算正确性的ghost区域的参数,分析了负载均衡的条件。在"CPU(Intel Haswell Xeon E5-2670 12 cores×2)+加速器(Xeon Phi 7120A×2)"的服务器上测得该算法较直接将任务子块整体迁至加速器端计算的异构算法性能平均提升至5.9倍,较MPI/OpenMP两级并行算法使用24个纯CPU核的性能,该算法使用单加速器时加速至1.27倍,使用双加速器加速至1.45倍。讨论和分析了性能瓶颈与存在的问题。     

Optimal policies for stochastic clearing systems with time-dependent delay penalties

We study stochastic clearing systems with a discrete-time Markovian input process, and an output mechanism that intermittently and instantaneously clears the system partially or completely. The decision to clear the system depends on both quantities and delays of outstanding inputs. Clearing the system incurs a fixed cost, and outstanding inputs are charged a delay penalty, which is a general increasing function of the quantities and delays of individual inputs. By recording the quantities and delays of outstanding inputs in a sequence, we model the clearing system as a tree-structured Markov decision process over both a finite and infinite horizon. We show that the optimal clearing policies, under realistic conditions, are of the on-off type or the threshold type. Based on the characterization of the optimal policies, we develop efficient algorithms to compute parameters of the optimal policies for such complex clearing systems for the first time. We conduct a numerical analysis on the impact of the nonlinear delay penalty cost function, the comparison of the optimal policy and the classical hybrid policy (ie, quantity and age thresholds), and the impact of the state of the input process. Our experiments demonstrate that (a) the classical linear approximation of the cost function can lead to significant performance differences; (b) the classical hybrid policy may perform poorly (as compared to the optimal policies); and (c) the consideration of the state of the input process makes significant improvement in system performance.     

基于随机搜索策略的中继卫星调度方法

高质量的调度方案不仅能满足用户的需求,还能为中继卫星系统的计划编制提供科学的决策手段和依据。针对日益多样化的用户需求,采用全新的中继卫星调度应用模式,允许用户提交多个可以滑动的时间窗口。面向这种调度模式,考虑中继业务中任务调度的灵活性和任务间的冲突,构建考虑多滑动窗口的中继卫星调度模型,并设计基于随机搜索策略的中继卫星调度算法。算法包括任务资源匹配与邻域生成、可用时间段生成、任务冲突分析、邻域搜索与冲突消解以及资源与任务集更新5个算子。通过仿真实验将该算法与基于时间自由度的启发式算法进行对比,验证了算法的有效性。     

From Westphalian Failure to Heterarchic Governance in MENA: The Case of Syria

Abstract

The problematic export of the Westphalian system to MENA is examined, taking Syria as exemplar. The export model is juxtaposed to actual non-lineal trajectories, semi-sovereignty and hybrid or failing states. This is manifested in post-uprising Syria in failing statehood, fragmented and overlapping governance, permeable and collapsing borders, the loss of sovereignty to trans-state movements, “competitive regime-building” between the Asad regime and jihadist warlords, and “competitive interventionism” by external powers filling the governance vacuum with their own proxies. The result is heterarchic zones of limited statehood in which state sovereignty is contested by both international (supra-state) penetration and sub-state fragmentation.     

导弹静电放电效应及其防护装置应用研究

静电防护是导弹研制的刚性要求.简述了导弹发生静电荷沉积的主要途径,介绍了导弹静电放电的3种典型形式,基于相关典型试验和实测数据,分析了静电放电电流效应和静电放电电磁脉冲效应对导弹可感测辐射信号和系统信噪比的不同作用效能,研究了导弹安装静电放电器前后对安全性和功能性能的影响,介绍了静电放电器的典型应用方式,综合论证了导弹...     

卡尔曼滤波框架下优化增益异类噪声处理方法及其应用

针对基于卡尔曼滤波框架算法只能处理已知高斯噪声系统的局限性,设计能够同时处理含有异类噪声系统的改进算法.将不确定系统受到的干扰分成高斯噪声和未知有界噪声,对噪声特点进行分析,并将其加入状态方程和观测方程;在吸收集员滤波优点的基础上,对标准卡尔曼滤波进行改进,通过计算包含两种异类噪声系统状态的最小均方误差,得到该条件下滤...     

Simultaneous production of market‐specific and global products: A two‐stage stochastic program with additional demand after recourse

This paper analyzes the simultaneous production of market‐specific products tailored to the needs of individual regions and a global product that could be sold in many regions. We assume that the global product costs more to manufacture, but allows the decision concerning the allocation of products to regions to be delayed until after the manufacturing process has been completed. We further assume that there is additional demand after the region allocation but prior to delivery, extending the two‐stage stochastic program with recourse to include additional stochastic demand after the recourse. This scenario arises, for example, when there is additional uncertainty during a delivery delay which might occur with transoceanic shipments. We develop conditions for optimality assuming a single build‐allocate‐deliver cycle and stochastic demand during both the build and deliver periods. The optimal policy calls for the simultaneous production of market‐specific and global products, even when the global product is substantially more costly than the market‐specific product. In addition, we develop bounds on the performance of the optimal policy for the multicycle problem. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 50: 438–461, 2003