COURTING THE GLOBAL SOUTH WITH “DUAL-BENEFIT” NONPROLIFERATION ENGAGEMENT

President Barack Obama and an array of other Western leaders continue to assert that the spread of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) to non-state actors is one of most pressing challenges to global security today. Yet, Western efforts to engage governments—particularly governments across the global South—in a practical nonproliferation dialogue have largely yielded disappointing results. This viewpoint examines the need for a new strategy to engage the developing world in nonproliferation programs. It argues that strategies focused strictly on WMD nonproliferation are unsustainable, and ultimately are destined for failure. An alternative “dual-benefit” nonproliferation engagement strategy utilizes the enlightened self-interest of partner governments needed to achieve broad-based buy-in among all partners. In a concluding section, we recommend that the “Group of 8” Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction standardize this model of nonproliferation engagement as it sets out to identify and fund WMD nonproliferation capacity-building initiatives beyond the states of the former Soviet Union.     

All Together Now? Questioning WMDs as a Useful Analytical Unit for Understanding Chemical and Biological Weapons Proliferation

ABSTRACT

The popular use of the term “weapons of mass destruction” (WMD) can be understood to imply a relationship between nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons proliferation insofar as it assumes that the separate weapons technologies can be usefully grouped into a single analytic category. This article explores whether WMD is actually a useful construct. It begins by reviewing the literature on nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons proliferation, including a recent study that sought to estimate the relationship between the pursuit and acquisition of these different weapons. It then explores some policy inferences that academics and policy makers may be tempted to draw from these studies, particularly regarding the Barack Obama administration's pursuit of deep nuclear reductions. It argues that many of these policy inferences are premature at best and misleading at worst. It concludes with a call for additional research into the causes and consequences of chemical and biological weapons proliferation, and a call for scholars to remain cautious in their desire to draw premature policy implications from their studies in order to be “policy relevant.”     

THE PROLIFERATION SECURITY INITIATIVE

The Asia-Pacific is emerging as a critical region in the fight against the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. The Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) is an aggressive global strategy designed to interdict the transport of these weapons and associated technologies. However, some observers have suggested that the Asia-Pacific has given the PSI a less than enthusiastic reception. The authors posit a more sanguine view. They caution against taking such a holistic approach to the region. Asia does not speak with one voice when it comes to security, and opposition to the PSI is not as widespread nor deep-rooted as may have been anticipated. In addition, the PSI's informal structure encourages flexibility, enabling states to participate in certain activities while eschewing others that may be technically or politically untenable.     

再生冷却通道结构参数对碳氢燃料流量分配影响

以液体火箭发动机再生冷却技术为背景,采用数值模拟方法对Z-type型并联通道流量分配特性进行研究,分析了通道数、通道截面形状及入口汇流结构对流量分配特性的影响。研究结果表明:在冷却通道总流通面积相同的情况下,随着再生冷却系统通道数的增加,流量分配不均匀度系数从2.59%降低至0.5%,相同流通面积下增加通道数可以有效提高流量分配的均匀程度。通道截面形状对流量分配不均匀度系数影响不大,其影响主要表现在通道内部流体速度分布及换热面积上。从换热效果看,梯形截面构型要优于矩形构型。入口汇流结构倾斜角有利于流量的均匀性分布。该研究对于再生冷却通道结构设计具有一定参考价值。     

非牛顿流体不定常环管流研究

本文采用积分变换的方法,找到了一类非牛顿流体在环形管道中不定常流动的解析解,并进行了数值计算,分析了非牛顿性系数和其他各参数对二阶流体不定常流动的影响,指出当二阶流体非牛顿系数相同时,环管流与一般管流比达到稳定的特征时间较短,并且相应的速度分布、平均速度分布数值均较小。在外半径相同时,环管流内壁的剪应力较之一般管流,其大小随内径而改变。环管流外壁剪应力总相应地小于内壁剪应力。     

可变速率调制器研究及其FPGA实现

提出了一种变速率调制系统的设计方法。基于现场可编程门阵列(FPGA),在硬件系统中实现了新方法。所设计的系统能够处理(13.5~300)Mbps连续变化的比特速率。通过将整个可变速率范围分成若干小段,分别经过不同倍数的采样滤波,保证了所有符号速率对应的数据能够被调制到数模转换芯片(DAC)处理范围内。给出了系统整体设计结构,分析了硬件实现时的难点,论述了并行采样滤波与并行载波生成等设计方法。硬件实现结果表明,所提出的设计方法能够实现对较宽范围内连续可变速率信号的调制。系统的易扩展性也保证了所设计结构能够处理更宽的变速率范围。     

碳-酚醛材料烧蚀热解对再入流场特性影响的数值计算

数值模拟存在碳-酚醛材料烧蚀的高超声速再入流场,分析烧蚀和热解对流场热化学参数、电子数密度分布等的影响。采用19组元双温度的热化学模型,耦合热化学非平衡流Navier-Stokes方程组和烧蚀壁面边界条件,进行定常烧蚀流场求解;通过对比无烧蚀、非催化和辐射平衡壁温条件下的流场分析烧蚀的影响;讨论了壁面处碳-酚醛材料热解产物化学组成的确定方法,研究了不同热解率的影响。以RAM-C球锥的两个典型飞行条件(速度7.65km/s、高度61km和71km)为代表的研究表明:最主要的烧蚀热解产物是CO、H2、H,烧蚀产物和烧蚀的影响均局限于边界层内;烧蚀使原子和离子组元含量下降,当离子组元含量峰值出现在边界层内时,烧蚀使电子数密度峰值下降;随热解率增加烧蚀影响程度增强,烧蚀在后身区影响范围大于头部区,随飞行高度增加烧蚀影响范围扩大。     

变质心再入飞行器自抗扰控制器设计(英文)

再入飞行器采用变质心控制不但可以保持较好的气动外形,还町以增大机动能力,但变质心控制较强的非线性和耦合性大大增加了控制系统设计难度,使控制器设计和实施的代价较高。针对这一问题,基于自抗扰控制技术,设计了变质心再入飞行器双通道解耦控制器。通过构造连续光滑扩张状态观测器,不加区分飞行器的各类干扰与耦合,对其统一进行估计:利用非线性状态反馈控制律,并自适应调节控制参数对其进行补偿,实现对飞行器姿态的解耦控制。仿真结果表明:该方法大大降低了对系统模型精度的要求与控制器设计实施代价,对变质心再入飞行器非线性、耦合性以及参数摄动具有较强的鲁棒性。     

求解武器目标分配问题的改进粒子群算法

在建立多种类型武器目标分配模型的基础上,提出了一种求解该模型的改进粒子群算法。首先,定义粒子聚焦距离变化率,使惯性权重依据聚焦距离变化率自适应调整;其次,采用速度最大值线性递减的策略平衡算法收敛精度与全局寻优能力之间的矛盾;最后,粒子替换策略使算法改善了因自适应惯性权重的引入而造成收敛速度变慢的问题。仿真结果表明,提出模型和算法合理有效,算法收敛快,适合求解各种种群规模的武器目标分配问题。     

高超音速粘性流场数值计算中差分格式的对比分析

本文通过三维高超音速粘性流场的求解对三种常用的差分格式： Ｈａｒｔｅｎ 的 Ｔ Ｖ Ｄ 格式、修正后的 Ｏｓｈｅｒ Ｃｈａｋｒａｖａｒｔｈｙ 的 Ｔ Ｖ Ｄ 格式以及 Ｊａｎｅｓｏｎ 的当地极值递减 （ Ｌ Ｅ Ｄ） 格式对激波的分辨率、边界层计算的准确性和格式的计算效率等三个方面进行了较细致的对比分析， 为三维高超音速复杂流场的数值模拟打下基础。