Democratic control of Romanian intelligence after three decades: quis custodiet ipsos custodes?

ABSTRACT

Romania faced one of the most dramatic transitions from authoritarian communism to become a democracy and a member of the North-Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the European Union (EU). The backbone of building a democratic society has been civilian control of the military. This article briefly describes the norms and institutions of democratic control of the intelligence services in Romania and assesses how the mechanisms of democratic control have worked in practice after almost three decades of reform. We argue that many of the post-1989 reforms have been only superficial implemented and monitored, particularly after Romania joined NATO and the EU. The article concludes that the democratic control of intelligence in Romania is an unfinished business. There are structural shortcomings embedded in the process of democracy consolidation that need to be addressed.     

Bringing Military Conduct out of the Shadow of Law: Towards a Holistic Understanding of Rules of Engagement

In this article, I outline a holistic approach to the military concept of “Rules of Engagement” (ROE), which complements the legal aspects of ROE with considerations of operational and political requirements for the use of military force. Drawing upon two illustrative cases from the US military experience with the use of ROE, I demonstrate that ROE for any particular military operation should be formulated to balance optimally, if not harmonize fully, the legal, operational and political concerns related to the use of force. In this task, political decision-makers and military practitioners alike are confronted with unavoidable and real-life dilemmas. How these dilemmas are handled has significant implications for how legal requirements concerning accountability and concerns for civilian lives in military combat can be preserved through ROE.     

军事安全视角下的军队翻译能力建设

军队翻译能力是军队外语能力的组成部分。军队翻译能力的理论框架包含构成要素、存在形式和转换机制三个组成部分。新的安全形势对我军的翻译保障在广度和深度上都有了新的要求,而军队翻译能力供给相对不足。需要对军队翻译能力进行规划,加强翻译人力资源的储备与管理,提升翻译保障信息化水平。     

军民融合背景下军工企业多元化发展战略研究

冷战结束后,欧美多数军工企业在军转民的过程中采取多元化的经营战略,壮大企业规模并寻求进一步的发展。随着我国军民融合战略的深入实施,军工企业不再是封闭独立的单一军品生产基地,而是顺时应势逐步实现军品和民品同步多元化发展的战略转型。通过分析我国军工企业军转民的历史进程与国际经验,结合多元化战略的特点,考察军工企业在军转民过程中实施多元化战略的动因,构建军工企业多元化战略的选择函数。本文认为,军工企业选择多元化战略应考虑企业自身实际情况,积极响应国家政策,培育核心竞争力;同时,军转民过程作为军民融合深度发展的重要一环,会促使军工企业往多元化的方向发展,而多元化战略的实施也会加快军民融合深度发展的进程。     

Value management of diagnostic equipment with cancelation,no‐show,and emergency patients

Magnetic resonance imaging and other multifunctional diagnostic facilities, which are considered as scarce resources of hospitals, typically provide services to patients with different medical needs. This article examines the admission policies during the appointment management of such facilities. We consider two categories of patients: regular patients who are scheduled in advance through an appointment system and emergency patients with randomly generated demands during the workday that must be served as soon as possible. According to the actual medical needs of patients, regular patients are segmented into multiple classes with different cancelation rates, no‐show probabilities, unit value contributions, and average service times. Management makes admission decisions on whether or not to accept a service request from a regular patient during the booking horizon to improve the overall value that could be generated during the workday. The decisions should be made by considering the cancelation and no‐show behavior of booked patients as well as the emergency patients that would have to be served because any overtime service would lead to higher costs. We studied the optimal admission decision using a continuous‐time discrete‐state dynamic programming model. Identifying an optimal policy for this discrete model is analytically intractable and numerically inefficient because the state is multidimensional and infinite. We propose to study a deterministic counterpart of the problem (i.e., the fluid control problem) and to develop a time‐based fluid policy that is shown to be asymptotically optimal for large‐scale problems. Furthermore, we propose to adopt a mixed fluid policy that is developed based on the information obtained from the fluid control problem. Numerical experiments demonstrate that this improved policy works effectively for small‐scale problems. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 63: 287–304, 2016     

基于激励机制的装备采办风险总量控制

针对装备采办中的风险总量控制,提出一种激励方式来提高承包商的积极性。在单目标风险控制模型的基础上,建立了多目标风险控制模型,推导出了激励机制下风险控制的最优合同公式。对激励机制中存在的两类错误进行了理论分析和实例验证,得出了两类错误对收益的影响,并在成本控制中得到了应用,有效地提高了装备采办的质量和效率,为军方决策者在装备采办中提供了合理的参考依据。     

基于多目标的雷达组网传感器资源管理算法

在雷达组网系统的多目标跟踪过程中,当目标数量过多时,由于传感器资源不足,无法使用传统传感器的管理方法进行资源分配,且运算时间过长,不满足工程实际需求。针对以上问题,提出了一种新的多传感器多目标跟踪任务快速分配算法,该算法将跟踪目标个数和跟踪目标精度作为优化目标,首先按照设定的分配准则对传感器进行一次分配,最大化跟踪目标个数;然后利用一种基于传感器排序的启发式传感器分配方法进行二次分配,通过控制跟踪目标的协方差水平,使目标的跟踪精度尽量接近期望值。仿真结果表明,该算法能够在较短的时间内对多传感器进行有效快速地分配,既跟踪了更多的目标,又达到了期望目标的跟踪精度,并且在一定程度上控制资源消耗,减少系统的总耗能。     

基于反步法的高超声速飞行器终端滑模控制

为了使高超声速飞行器在再入过程中完成姿态控制,在反步法的基础上将模糊自适应和终端滑模控制相结合设计控制器。对于姿态角动态,使用反步法和模糊自适应设计虚拟控制律;而对于角速率动态,利用终端滑模方法设计控制器,能够有效提高系统鲁棒性。稳定性分析说明所提方法可以保证系统状态的一致渐进有界性。     

基于ARM的LED指挥控制终端的设计与实现

LED显示屏是现代社会发布信息的一种重要方式,通过LED显示屏可以播放视频、文字等不同形式的信息,为人们传达最直观的视觉信息。随着科学技术的不断发展,LED显示屏的应用也日渐广泛,尤其是军事上的应用,比如基于LED显示屏的各种级别指挥控制终端的设计和运用,具有更为深入的研究价值。而ARM处理器是实现LED显示屏控制系统有效运行的基础,主要针对基于ARM的LED显示屏指挥控制终端系统的设计与实现的相关问题进行了探讨。     

应用心理学专业实践课程体系立体式革新的思考

本文以应用心理学专业人才培养为切入点,分析应用心理学专业实践课程现存的问题,从专业知识体系、实践应用能力、专业实践素养、专业实践活动等四个方面探讨应用心理学专业实践课程体系立体式革新的途径及注意事项,以期革新应用型心理学人才培养模式,进而优化专业发展的生命力。