Do Military Expenditures Crowd-out Health Expenditures? Evidence from around the World, 2000–2013

Abstract

The paper examines the relationship between health and military expenditures using pooled cross-sectional (197 countries) and time series (2000–2013) data. Simultaneous equation models were employed to estimate the relationship between an array of public sector expenditures in order to address potential endogeneity. Our empirical findings strongly support the crowding-out hypothesis whereby increased military expenditures reduce the capacity of government to direct expenditures to health expenditures. These findings were robust to alternative specifications explored in the sensitivity analyses. Compared with upper-middle-income countries, the crowding-out effect became more pronounced among lower-middle-income countries. Consequently, this study shows that increased military expenditures negatively impacts health expenditures, and therefore poses as an important risk factor for population health and individual well-being. Moreover, it is the poorest of nations that are most sensitive to the negative effects of increased military expenditures.     

THE PROHIBITION OF BLINDING AS A METHOD OF WARFARE

Abstract

From the 1982 Maitatsine Uprising to the 2009 Kala Kato Riot, Nigeria has been bedevilled by ethno-religious uprisings with devastating human and material losses. In almost all these crises the police and the military have featured prominently as agencies tasked with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and suppressing insurrection. While it was not alleged that they precipitated some of these risings perhaps in their attempts to stem or nip them in the bud, they have been accused of escalating the conflict either by their slow and inadequate responses, their partisanship and their arbitrary responses, or by their slackness in managing the crises and their aftermath. However, but for their efforts the security basis of the Nigerian state would have been considerably compromised by religious fundamentalism given the level of preparedness of the groups involved, their resistance and, more importantly, the recurrent nature of the uprisings. This article reflects on the management of ethno-religious uprisings in Nigeria by the police and the military. It considers the nature of the security agencies' involvement in the crises and examines the factors both within the agencies and in the larger Nigerian society which have aided or hindered their effective management of the conflicts.     

模糊时滞系统控制器依赖于状态时滞的H∞控制

针对一类非线性时滞系统,研究了该系统基于T—S模糊模型的H∞控制器设计问题。采用线性矩阵不等式LMI的方法,设计一个依赖于状态时滞的模糊控制器,得到了系统存在模糊控制器的充分条件,此充分条件等价于一类线性矩阵不等式的可解性,最后通过仿真说明了控制器的有效性。     

发变电所传导干扰分析与抑制措施的研究

通过对发变电所由开关操作在二次系统和低压交流电源系统传导测量结果的分析,确定变电站低压交流电源中传导干扰的特征,利用安捷伦（Agilent）矢量网络分析仪,研究几种典型电源滤波器的插入损耗和特性阻抗等频率特性,应用夏弗纳（Schaffner）等系列抗扰度试验设备,研究电源滤波器对电快速瞬变脉冲群和衰减振荡波的滤波和抑制效果,给出了变电站电源滤波器的滤波特性要求。     

装备保障训练业务工程理论及体系构想

为适应信息化条件下装备保障训练转型的需要,提出装备保障训练业务工程理论研究构想。在研究装备保障训练业务工程概念的基础上,初步构建其理论体系,分析了该理论的特点,为装备保障训练系统研究提供了一种新的思路,对于促进装备保障训练工作的发展和改进具有一定的参考价值。     

引弧微爆加工陶瓷新方法及其电源系统研制

高频引弧在瞬间产生微爆炸和轰击波时具有高能量密度,结合工程陶瓷加工的特点,提出了引弧微爆加工工程陶瓷的新方法。试验证明了该方法能够实现低成本加工陶瓷孔、外圆、平面以及各种异型面,是一项全新的工程陶瓷加工技术。研制的专用脉冲电源采用了全桥式绝缘门栅极晶体管（Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor,IGBT）逆变主电路、独特的高频引弧及控制电路,引弧微爆加工电源系统具有工作可靠、可控性好等优点。     

改进的Euler方法应用于非线性方程求根

本文通过引入动力系统,将改进的Euler方法应用于非线性方程求根问题,给出非线性方程求根的预估-再校正迭代格式,证明了该格式至少二阶收敛并可以调节参数达到超收敛。最后给出数值实验,数值结果验证了算法的有效性。     

基于DXC的军事传送网恢复策略研究

可靠性对于军事传送网而言显得尤为重要。数字交叉连接(DXC)设备提供了一个灵活的冗余和保护以满足用户的需求,有利于最小化服务中断时间。文中首先介绍了DXC设备及其应用;其次,讨论了基于DXC设备的恢复应该考虑的问题;最后,结合军事传送网的特点,提出了恢复策略,并对此进行了讨论。     

高性能数字幅频均衡功率放大器的设计与实现

设计实现了一个数字幅频均衡的功率放大器,该放大器由前置放大、带阻网络、数字幅频均衡和功率放大电路四部分构成。采用优质低噪声运放NE5532构成两级前置放大电路;自行绕制电感搭接电路构建带阻网络;基于FPGA设计FIR滤波器,实现数字幅频均衡;选择高效的D类功率放大器进行低频功率放大。测试结果表明,该数字幅频均衡功率放大器具有高增益、高带宽和高效率等优点。     

数据链系统效能评估框架研究

研究了数据链系统效能评估相关概念及其对作战的影响机制,给出了数据链系统效能评价指标体系以及不同层次指标的计算、聚合方法。在此基础上形成数据链系统的效能评估框架,通过该框架可以指导数据链系统的效能评估,为数据链装备的发展及应用提供科学依据。