The Amritsar Massacre and the minimum force debate

This article re-examines one of the most infamous incidents in British imperial history: the Amritsar Massacre of 1919, and analyses it within the context of the British Army's minimum force philosophy. The massacre has long been regarded as the most catastrophic failure of minimum force in the history of the British Army. This article reconsiders the arguments over the shooting at Amritsar and the role of Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer, and questions the accepted view that the massacre was such a failure of minimum force. It argues that the circumstances surrounding the massacre must be understood before judging the incident and given these factors it is possible to see it within a minimum force framework.     

‘Troops were then forced to fire’: British army crowd control in Palestine,November 1945

In November 1945, British army shooting during street riots and search operations in Palestine resulted in the death of 13 Jews and the injuring of dozens. The most costly in casualties caused by army fire during the whole Jewish insurgency, these incidents have nevertheless not received detailed attention in literature on the British army's counterinsurgency campaign in postwar Palestine. This article outlines British military use of firepower to control civilian crowds and the difficulties involved during these incidents, contributing to the debate on the army's principal of ‘minimum force’. It also highlights the serious problem of legitimizing opening of fire on unarmed protestors, epitomized in the army's fabricated account justifying shooting at a large crowd rushing a military cordon at Givat Hayim.     

机动目标状态估计的最小均方误差界

基于多项式模型的各种自适应滤波算法被广泛应用于机动目标跟踪领域,但尚没有统一的评估标准来衡量这些跟踪算法的优劣。由于存在确定的时变未知输入,机动目标的状态估计实际为有偏估计。基于状态估计均方误差最小的准则,推导了多项式模型滤波的最小均方误差界计算方法,获得了使状态估计均方误差最小的过程噪声方差变化规律。该方法给出了各种基于多项式模型的机动目标跟踪算法的估计均方误差下限,也为机动目标跟踪中最优过程噪声方差的设定提供了依据。仿真结果验证了算法的有效性。     

基于稀疏图的DS-CDMA系统设计

DS-CDMA是在扩频技术上发展起来的多址接入方式,但在用户接入数量过载时难以保证高质量的通信性能。基于此,提出了一种基于稀疏图的DS-CDMA系统。该系统以低密度二分图的形式来描述扩频码片和用户之间的关系,使得参与通信的每个用户只在少量码片上进行非零位扩频调制,最大程度地减少了用户间的相互干扰。借助图模型的相关理论,把适合于稀疏图的置信度传播算法应用于该系统,进行多用户检测,通过码片与用户之间的消息迭代来消除噪声和多址干扰带来的影响。结合计算机仿真,从不同的角度测试了系统的误码率等性能。理论分析与性能验证表明,稀疏图DS-CDMA在接入用户数量远远超过系统容量的情况下,依然具有优良的性能。     

UWB-SAR抑制RFI算法性能评估与测试

参数化方法是实现UWB -SAR抑制RFI的重要手段。为评估抑制RFI算法的实际性能 ,利用UWB -SAR实验系统的实测数据 ,从干扰抑制能力和脉冲压缩性能改善两个方面对几种主要算法进行了比较分析。结果表明 ,在干扰能量抑制比和脉冲压缩指标度量下 ,几种典型的参数化算法都能显著提高接收信号的信干比 ,而基于正弦波模型的算法略优于基于AR模型的算法。     

工控单片机系统的电磁兼容性设计

与一般计算机系统相比 ,工控单片机系统在电磁兼容方面表现为对电源影响敏感、易形成辐射和串扰通路 ,文章据此提出从电源、总体结构与功率接口等方面提高工控单片机系统电磁兼容性的若干措施     

一种利用小波包函数调制的 MC-CDMA 及其性能

将小波包变换理论应用于多载波码分多址(MC-CDMA)系统,提出一种基于小波包函数的正交调制方法.系统中,发端数据串并转换成若干子信道,每个子信道的数据进行直序扩频,不同子信道上的数据以chip调制不同的小波包函数作为基带传输波形.小波包函数的一系列优良性质,使系统能有效地抗多径干扰,抑制子信道串扰、多址干扰等.本文对系统在多径Rayleigh慢衰落信道中的性能,进行了理论分析和计算机仿真.结果表明,本系统比基于DFT的MC-CDMA有较大的性能改善.     

基于熵最小化的LFM信号调频率估计算法

利用LFM信号频谱的熵随着调频率减小而降低的性质,提出了一种基于频谱熵最小化的LFM信号调频率的估计SEM方法。建立参数待估的相位补偿因子,通过搜索得到使得补偿后信号频谱熵全局最小的调频率估值。在搜索过程中,采用两级搜索策略,并引入牛顿迭代算法,有效降低了算法复杂度。理论推导和仿真结果证明,该算法为有偏算法,估计偏差量与初始频率相关,理论估计方差比较CR下界低12d B。对雷达实测回波信号进行验证,与离散多项式变换算法相比发现,提出算法估计的鲁棒性更好,并具有较高的测速精度,具有一定的应用价值。     

基于FrFT的跳频通信LFM干扰抑制算法

为解决跳频通信过程中LFM干扰信号抑制问题,提出一种基于Fr FT的LFM干扰抑制算法,利用Fr FT时频面坐标轴旋转性质,通过计算信号的不同阶次Fr FT并搜索其峰值,确定信号最优Fr FT阶次,完成对LFM干扰信号的判别,进一步采用频域陷波实现对LFM干扰信号的抑制。仿真结果表明,该算法能有效抑制跳频信号中的LFM干扰信号,提高信号的最小均方误差。     

Electronic warfare in the optical band: Main features,examples and selected measurement data

The paper presents the possibilities of, and methods for, acquiring, analysing and processing optical signals in order to recognise, identify and counteract threats on the contemporary battleground. The main ways electronic warfare is waged in the optical band of the electromagnetic wave spectrum have been formulated, including the acquisition of optical emitter signatures, as well as ultraviolet (UV) and thermal (IR) signatures. The physical parameters and values describing the emission of laser radiation are discussed, including their importance in terms of creating optical signatures. Moreover, it has been shown that in the transformation of optical signals into signatures, only their spectral and temporal parameters can be applied. This was confirmed in experimental part of the paper, which includes our own measurements of spectral and temporal emission characteristics for three types of binocular laser rangefinders. It has been further shown that through simple registration and quick analysis involving comparison of emission time parameters in the case of UV signatures in “solar-blind” band, various events can be identified quickly and faultlessly. The same is true for IR signatures, where the amplitudes of the recorded signal for several wavelengths are compared. This was confirmed experimentally for UV signatures by registering and then analyzing signals from several events during military exercises at a training ground, namely Rocket Propelled Grenade (RPG) launches and explosions after hitting targets, trinitrotoluene (TNT) explosions, firing armour-piercing, fin-stabilised, discarding sabots (APFSDS) or high explosive (HE) projectiles. The final section describes a proposed model database of emitters, created as a result of analysing and transforming the recorded signals into optical signatures.