Locational tying of complementary retail items

We study a selling practice that we refer to as locational tying (LT), which seems to be gaining wide popularity among retailers. Under this strategy, a retailer “locationally ties” two complementary items that we denote by “primary” and “secondary.” The retailer sells the primary item in an appropriate “department” of his or her store. To stimulate demand, the secondary item is offered in the primary item's department, where it is displayed in very close proximity to the primary item. We consider two variations of LT: In the multilocation tying strategy (LT‐M), the secondary item is offered in its appropriate department in addition to the primary item's department, whereas in the single‐location tying strategy (LT‐S), it is offered only in the primary item's location. We compare these LT strategies to the traditional independent components (IC) strategy, in which the two items are sold independently (each in its own department), but the pricing/inventory decisions can be centralized (IC‐C) or decentralized (IC‐D). Assuming ample inventory, we compare and provide a ranking of the optimal prices of the four strategies. The main insight from this comparison is that relative to IC‐D, LT decreases the price of the primary item and adjusts the price of the secondary item up or down depending on its popularity in the primary item's department. We also perform a comparative statics analysis on the effect of demand and cost parameters on the optimal prices of various strategies, and identify the conditions that favor one strategy over others in terms of profitability. Then we study inventory decisions in LT under exogenous pricing by developing a model that accounts for the effect of the primary item's stock‐outs on the secondary item's demand. We find that, relative to IC‐D, LT increases the inventory level of the primary item. We also link the profitability of different strategies to the trade‐off between the increase in demand volume of the secondary item as a result of LT and the potential increase in inventory costs due to decentralizing the inventory of the secondary item. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 2009     

综合体育馆消防性能化评估

体育馆属于空间结构复杂、人员密集的场所,在增加了一些新颖的设计元素后,通常会给建筑人员安全疏散带来困难。以山东大学体育馆为例,对于这些问题,通常采用比较先进的性能化设计和评估来解决。     

新课程实施中家长如何有效协同学校教育

家庭教育是学校教育的延伸和拓展,是学生素质教育体系中不可或缺的重要部分,家长是否有效地协同学校对孩子进行教育,直接决定着学校教育的效果。本文旨在探讨在新课程实施背景下,家长如何有效地协同学校教育。     

Brothers in arms,yet again? Twenty-first century Sino-Russian strategic collaboration in the realm of defence and security

2014–2015 were years of turmoil for strategic relations, with Sino-Russian relations emerging as a particularly interesting set of ties to observe. This article asks whether recurrent Sino-Russian exhortations of friendship are mirrored by their strategic alignment in the defence and security realm, half a century after the end of the Sino-Soviet pact during the communist era. We examine the arms trade between the two countries and with regional partners, but also the recent pattern of bilateral and multilateral military exercises, as a combined test of the security and defence relationship. We are able to show that the image of friendship that both Moscow and Beijing like to promote, while apparent at the UN Security Council and within the BRICS group, remains constrained by rivalry in high-tech segments of the arms industry and by lingering concerns about the prospects of peer interference in their shared regional vicinity.     

多车通信系统中的同频电子干扰消除优化方法

在多接口多信道车联网多车通信系统中,由于车辆的自组织特性和路网网格的不均衡性,产生同频电子干扰,对电子干扰的滤波消除能提高多车通信的信道均衡性,降低误码率。传统方法采用自适应陷波方法实现同频电子干扰消除,无法在突变的载波频率下消除同频电子干扰,导致性能差的问题。提出一种基于自适应线谱增强的多车通信系统中的同频电子干扰消除优化方法。首先构建多车通信系统,引入一种信噪干扰比的观点,对同频电子干扰进行信号模型构建,根据信号比容易分离的特点,使得模型可分离性变强,结合变步长自适应线谱增强方法,实现信号的分离过滤。仿真实验结果表明,进行同频电子干扰消除抑制处理后的功率谱收敛到信号的真实频率附近,多车通信信号能从背景色噪声中有效检测出来,降低了多车通信系统的误码率,展示了较好的信道均衡和改善能力,性能优越。     

A characterization of optimal base‐stock levels for a multistage serial supply chain

In this article, we present a multistage model to optimize inventory control decisions under stochastic demand and continuous review. We first formulate the general problem for continuous stages and use a decomposition solution approach: since it is never optimal to let orders cross, the general problem can be broken into a set of single‐unit subproblems that can be solved in a sequential fashion. These subproblems are optimal control problems for which a differential equation must be solved. This can be done easily by recursively identifying coefficients and performing a line search. The methodology is then extended to a discrete number of stages and allows us to compute the optimal solution in an efficient manner, with a competitive complexity. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 63: 32–46, 2016     

Generalizing the survival signature to unrepairable homogeneous multi‐state systems

The notion of signature has been widely applied for the reliability evaluation of technical systems that consist of binary components. Multi‐state system modeling is also widely used for representing real life engineering systems whose components can have different performance levels. In this article, the concept of survival signature is generalized to a certain class of unrepairable homogeneous multi‐state systems with multi‐state components. With such a generalization, a representation for the survival function of the time spent by a system in a specific state or above is obtained. The findings of the article are illustrated for multi‐state consecutive‐k‐out‐of‐n system which perform its task at three different performance levels. The generalization of the concept of survival signature to a multi‐state system with multiple types of components is also presented. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 63: 593–599, 2017     

基于n-宗派的C2组织协作性量化分析

C2组织的协作性是目前信息化战争研究中的一个热点。利用"社会网络分析方法",对C2组织的指挥控制关系网络模型进行"n-宗派"分析,可以有效地揭示组织的子结构特征以及定量地研究组织的协作性。分析了指挥控制关系网络模型n-宗派中"n"的现实意义,设计了"宗派协作指数"和"组织协作指数"的计算方法和公式。结合示例,以2-宗派为例说明了C2组织协作性量化分析的步骤和过程。研究表明,基于n-宗派的C2组织协作性量化分析具有可操作性和现实意义。     

Collaborative procurement among competing buyers

Collaborative procurement emerged as one of the many initiatives for achieving improved inter‐firm coordination and collaboration. In this article, we adopt a game‐theoretical approach to study the interaction between two firms who procure jointly, but produce independently and remain competitors in a product market characterized by price‐sensitive demand. We study the underlying economics behind collaborative procurement, examine the effects of collaboration on buyer and supplier profitability, and derive conditions under which collaboration is beneficial to each participant. We find that a necessary and sufficient condition for a buyer to collaborate is to increase its sales. We identify the conditions that lead equal size buyers (i.e., consortia consisting of only large buyers or only small buyers) versus different size buyers to collaborate. We also determine the conditions that make collaboration profitable for the supplier, and show that rather than selling a large quantity to a single buyer, the supplier prefers to sell to multiple buyers in smaller quantities. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2008     

基于内容分析的协议识别研究

为解决多模式同时匹配的协议识别性能问题,提出了一种多模式组合有限状态机;以Thompson算法为基础,提出了一种压缩ε的NFA构造算法,该算法通过减少ε边及其对应状态,有效提高在协议模式编译时,NFA转换成DFA及DFA最小化过程的性能;基于上述理论与算法实现了一种One-Pass的组合多模式协议识别系统.实验表明:结合上述技术实现的系统,编译性能比标准DFA构造过程提高了7倍以上,匹配性能比L7-Filter提高了近20倍.