ORGANIZED CRIME AND THE TRAFFICKING OF RADIOLOGICAL MATERIALS

Based on unique empirical data, including interviews with smugglers of radiological materials and the investigators who track them, this article discusses nuclear smuggling trends in the former Soviet republic of Georgia. Smuggling in Georgia mainly involves opportunist smugglers and amateurs, as opposed to professional criminals and terrorists; however, this does not mean that radiological smuggling is devoid of professionalism or organization. The article demonstrates that professional criminals are rarely involved in smuggling due to the unreliable nature of the market for radiological materials and the threat radiological smuggling could pose to professional criminals' ability to wield political power and operate legal commercial enterprises.     

PREVENTING DIRTY BOMBS

Radioactive sealed sources have a long history and a much wider worldwide distribution than do weapons-usable fissile materials. This article compares the mechanisms for controlling radioactive sources with those of weapons-usable materials and makes the case for improved policy making on the safe and secure management of radioactive sources (often referred to simply as “sources”). Such sources have been widely distributed with commercial and government support to nearly every country, yet there are no legally binding, international agreements or regulations to control any aspect of their life cycle. This is problematic because some sources that are disused, abandoned, or otherwise fall out of regulatory control could be used in the form of a radiological dispersal device (RDD, or dirty bomb). An RDD could pose significant economic and psychological impacts with the potential for detrimental effects on public health. The lack of international measures to control sources is troubling for several reasons: creating an RDD is much easier than fashioning a nuclear weapon from scratch or from stolen fissile materials; given the many incidents involving diversion from regulatory control and the misuse of sources, an RDD attack would be one of the more likely scenarios; materials security for sources is generally weak and inconsistent; it is nearly impossible to determine the total amount of sources manufactured and distributed; used sources are frequently found uncontrolled and transiting borders, and penalties are light at best; the market-based supply and demand of sources facilitates their rapid and loosely regulated distribution; and the “peaceful uses” aspect of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons along with norms that began developing around the time of Atoms for Peace have promoted the nearly unchecked global distribution of sources. Several immediate and long-term actions are suggested to reduce the threat posed by radiological sources.     

如何运用交际教学法活跃语法教学

英语语法教学要根据教材内容补充真实的语言材料,保证输入材料的趣味性。在课堂教学中,围绕一个语言现象设计出各种真实的交际情景,从而避免单调乏味的语法讲解;设计丰富多彩的课堂活动,加强社会交际型练习,活跃课堂气氛,提高学生运用语法知识进行交际的能力;对于学生在课堂活动中出现的错误,应掌握适当的时机,及时纠错,在课堂上建立一种无拘无束的轻松愉快的学习环境。     

我国防火建材的现状与展望

防火建材在国家经济发展和社会安全保障中具有重要意义。介绍并分析了当前国内防火涂料、不燃性无机复合板、防火堵料、防火卷帘、防火玻璃、防火门等防火建材的基本情况、存在问题以及发展方向,探讨了新科技在防火建材中的应用,对绿色防火建材的研究进行了展望。     

碳纤维混凝土抗冻性能试验研究

为了增强高昼夜温差地区营房屋面和墙体的抗裂性能,提高营房安全性、舒适性及使用寿命,利用快速冻融法对碳纤维混凝土进行了300次冻融循环试验,并测量其相对动弹性模量和质量损失情况。结果显示:普通混凝土在150次冻融循环试验后试件破坏严重,平均质量损失了0.695 kg,损失率为6.9%;碳纤维混凝土在300次冻融循环试验后外形仍保持较好的完整性,平均质量损失了0.514 kg,损失率为5.19%,相对动弹性模量最多下降了34%,其中体积分数为1%的碳纤维混凝土平均质量损失仅为0.398 kg,损失率为4.05%,相对动弹性模量下降了31%。试验表明碳纤维可以改善混凝土的抗冻性能,适用于高昼夜温差地区建筑。     

Investigation of the shock compression behaviors of Al/PTFE composites with experimental and a 3D mesoscale-model

The responses of AI/PTFE reactive materials (RMs) under shock compression were investigated by a single-stage gas gun.A 3D mesoscale-model was established based on micro-computed tomography(micro-CT) slice images and confirmed with experimental results.In the high-pressure stage,the com-posites reacted partially,whereas there were no deviations between the partially reacted Hugoniot and the inert simulation results.The simulation reveals that the Teflon matrix melting on the high shock pressure.Melts and decomposition of the PTFE accelerated the diffusion of the atoms.Thus,the reactions of the Al/PrFE composites are more like a combustion rather than a detonation.     

Chain damage effects of multi-spaced plates by reactive jet impact

Chain damage is a new phenomenon that occurs when a reactive jet impacts and penetrates multi-spaced plates.The reactive jet produces mechanical perforations on the spaced plates by its kinetic energy(KE),and then results in unusual chain rupturing effects and excessive structural damage on the spaced plates by its deflagration reaction.In the present study,the chain damage behavior is initially demonstrated by experiments.The reactive liners,composed of 26 wt％Al and 74 wt％PTFE,are fabricated through a pressing and sintering process.Three reactive liner thicknesses of 0.08 CD,0.10 CD and 0.12 CD(charge diameter)are chosen to carry out the chain damage experiments.The results show a chain rupturing phenomenon caused by reactive jet.The constant reaction delay time and the different penetration velocities of reactive jets from liners with different thicknesses result in the variation of the deflagration position,which consequently determines the number of ruptured plates behind the armor.Then,the finite-element code AUTODYN-3D has been used to simulate the kinetic energy only-induced rupturing effects on plates,based on the mechanism of behind armor debris(BAD).The significant discrepancies between simulations and experiments indicate that one enhanced damage mechanism,the behind armor blast(BAB),has acted on the ruptured plates.Finally,a theoretical model is used to consider the BAB-induced enhancement,and the analysis shows that the rupturing area on aluminum plates depends strongly upon the KE only-induced pre-perforations,the mass of reactive materials,and the thickness of plates.     

高硬再制造表面强化层的加热切削研究

应用高性能硬质合金、陶瓷刀具和CBN刀具对常温条件下难以加工的高硬堆焊材料进行加热切削试验。试验结果表明：尽管加热条件下冲击效应降低,但CBN刀具仍然破损严重;陶瓷刀具虽然也无法实现理想的切削,但切削过程中刀具破损模式从崩碎式失效转变为磨损失效;3种刀具中高性能硬质合金应用效果最佳,其最佳参数条件下,一个切削里程后刀面VB值仅为0．3mm,试验过程中,刀具磨损随表面加热温度、切削速度、切削深度的提高而增大,但随进给量取值的增大而减小,其中切削速度对刀具VB值的影响最大,而进给量和削切深度对刀具VB值的影响较小。综合分析还表明：试验中刀具磨损速率仍然受刀具红硬性极限的限制。     

新型夜瞄复合荧光材料在步兵轻武器中的应用研究

采用自制的复合荧光粉体和化学载体成分,研制出一种步兵轻武器新型夜瞄复合荧光材料.试验研究和实际使用结果表明,研制的新材料发光时间长、亮度高,具有良好的耐温、耐腐蚀性能,不受轻武器的日常使用和维护影响,可满足步兵轻武器夜间瞄准需求.