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91.
We study the environmental regulation of industrial activities that are organized as projects. Applications arise in construction, ship and aircraft building, and film making, among other industries. Relative to manufacturing, environmental regulation is different in project‐based industries, due to the uniqueness and geographical diversity of projects, and a lack of product takeback programs. Because the amount of waste and pollution generated by project companies can be large, regulators need environmental policies to ensure reduction of waste and pollution. We consider a regulator who attempts to maximize social welfare. We model this problem as a bilevel nonlinear program. The upper level regulator specifies waste reduction targets, which the lower level project companies meet using waste stream reduction and remediation of pollution, while attempting to control their project costs. We find that high waste diversion targets lead to outcomes with little pollution, but excessive project costs and only modest waste stream reduction. Projects that have lower task precedence density, or that have pollutants with different environmental impacts, show larger increases in project cost and time resulting from regulation. We describe a subsidy for waste stream reduction that coordinates the system, and we estimate the value of coordination. We also describe a bonus that encourages truthful reporting by project companies, and evaluate the relative cost and effectiveness of the subsidy and the bonus. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 62: 228–247, 2015 相似文献
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Yolanda Sadie 《African Security Review》2015,24(4):450-457
Commitment by the government of the Democratic Republic of Congo to addressing sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) in the country is reflected in a number of international commitments and national strategies. This article traces the (slow) progress in addressing some of the most important issues relating to SGBV to which the government has committed itself. It argues that unless the underlying gender norms and unequal power relations that form the basis of gender violence, discrimination and inequality in Congolese society are addressed, SGBV will persist. 相似文献
95.
应用冯.卡门功率谱和谐波合成法生成了考虑脉动效应的瞬时风速时程曲线;计算了发射筒各段的等效风压及等效力矩,给出了作用于发射筒迎风面的风压总值及等效力矩;最后将载荷作为输入条件,进行动力学分析,获得了风载荷作用下发射装置的动态响应。通过分析可知:由于发射装置具有刚度强、质量大的特点,风载荷作用下发射装置的速度、加速度响应均较低,因此,风载荷主要影响发射筒的倾斜程度。 相似文献
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提出一种基于双幂次组合函数趋近律的新型滑模控制方案。与现有的快速幂次或双幂次趋近律相比,具有更快的收敛速度,同时还保持了全局固定时间收敛特性,收敛时间上界与滑模初值无关。当系统存在有界扰动时,能够使滑模变量在有限时间内收敛到稳态误差界内,同时其稳态误差要小于现有方法的。仿真实验验证了该方法的有效性及理论分析的正确性。 相似文献
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三值光学计算机的运算请求处理过程缺乏合理、系统的性能评价标准与体系。基于M/M/1、M/M/n、M~X/M/1和M/M~B/1构成的复杂排队系统,构建三值光学计算机的四阶段服务模型,同时建立立即调度和结束时调度两种策略和算法。基于不同排队系统讨论运算请求的接收时间、预处理时间、运算时间和发送时间的计算方法,进而得到最终响应时间。通过仿真实验对两种策略的模型进行验证,结果表明,结束时调度策略明显优于立即调度策略。 相似文献
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China’s defence expenditure has been growing rapidly along with GDP growth during the past two decades. Meanwhile, the income gap has continued to increase. There are conflicting views regarding whether the defence expenditure is capable of reducing income inequality. Therefore, this paper investigates the existence of any spillover effect of defence expenditure on income inequality, with a special focus on the regional differences among 31 provinces and 7 military regions in China. We extend panel cointegration and the impulse response function by using panel data during the period of 1997–2012. The empirical results show that the defence expenditure has an impact on income inequality, and the effect varies over different regions in China. The defence expenditure has a spillover effect on income inequality in the full sample panel and the southeastern panel. An increase in the defence expenditure does not crowd out social welfare spending due to the high level of economic development and government expenditure. On the contrary, in the northern panel, the effect is opposite because of the unbalanced economic development levels within the panel. Beijing as the capital of China, benefits more from the expansion of defence expenditure thus widening the income gap. In addition, the impulse response analyses further confirm a stronger effect of the defence expenditure on income inequality in the northern and the southeastern panels over a short period. 相似文献
100.
针对红外观测站部署问题,在研究观测站位置对定位精度影响的基础上,提出了基于粒子群优化的观测站部署算法。首先对ECEF坐标系下的CRLB矩阵进行推导;然后将观测站优化部署问题抽象为非线性规划模型,并将红外传感器联合定位的CRLB作为目标函数;最后采用粒子群优化算法求解该模型,避免了传统的非线性规划算法需要求解目标函数梯度的难题。结果表明,本文的部署算法具有一定的理论依据和工程意义;可以为实际红外观测站的静态部署和动态部署提供参考。 相似文献