纳米SiO_2在润滑油中的高温摩擦学性能

采用多功能SRV试验机考察了纳米SiO2在菜籽油中的高温摩擦学性能,利用表面轮廓仪观察磨损表面形貌。结果表明,在恒定负荷试验中,纳米SiO2能明显改善菜籽油的高温减摩抗磨性能,在500℃时,摩擦因数仅为0.16,磨损量降低了80%以上。在连续加载的高温试验中,当试验温度为200℃时,纳米SiO2对菜籽油的减摩抗磨性能没有明显的改善;而当试验温度达到500℃时,纳米SiO2能明显地改善菜籽油的减摩抗磨性能,在大负荷(500N)的情况下更为突出。     

DAR ES SALAAM

Countries in transition often experience increased levels of crime, making their citizens vulnerable to the exploits of criminals. The lack of reliable statistics hampers the development of sound crime reduction strategies. This essay considers the value of victim surveys as additional sources of information to augment official police data. It presents the findings of such a survey undertaken in Dar es Salaam and compares them with findings obtained in similar surveys of Cape Town, Durban, Pretoria and Johannesburg. The information obtained in the survey conducted in Dar es Salaam provides valuable insights into crime rates and patterns. In comparing the results of the survey in Dar es Salaam, some interesting trends emerged around the theft of vehicle parts and vehicle theft, violent crimes, the levels of violence employed in burglaries and the use of weapons. The information gleaned from these surveys will go far in developing crime reduction strategies and measures that will be effective and appropriately targeted.     

Don't stop with Joint Forces Command … cut AFRICOM too

Abstract

The United States Africa Command (AFRICOM) has been a military success but a strategic messaging failure. The United States’ relationships across Africa cannot be boiled down to military affairs. This paper argues that Africa has many more opportunities than challenges and thus requires a more balanced foreign policy solution from Washington DC than a new military command. For the military engagement that does need to take place, a more low-profile approach would benefit the United States in Africa.     

Terrorism,insurgency, kidnapping,and security in Africa's energy sector

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD).     

Ukrainian and Belorussian dimensions of Turkmenistan foreign policy: small states in a multipolar world

As the USA continues to decline both in relative and absolute terms, the global order emerges where no center of power exists. This creates a complicated and instable geopolitical situation where small states could act behind the back of the great powers. The relationship between Turkmenistan and Ukraine is the example of this sort of relationship. Whereas Ukraine wants to get cheap gas, Turkmenistan wants to find the way to sell its gas to the West. It looks as though both countries pay little attention to Russian objection and act without direct help from either the USA or other great powers.     

10W/40高温重负荷润滑油在柴油发动机上的试验

为更好地研究高原地区车辆发动机与油料的适应性,针对高原地区特殊的地理环境气候特点,选用10W/40高温重负荷润滑油,对其进行了理化性能分析、350 h台架可靠性试验及高原实际行车试验。结果表明:该型润滑油具有优良的抗氧抗腐性、清净分散性和抗磨性,可满足高原地区大功率、重负荷柴油发动机的用油要求。     

不同黏度等级润滑油在柴油发动机上的对比试验

为解决润滑油出现的高温性能差等问题,考察5W/40和15W/40两个黏度等级重负荷动力传动通用润滑油在柴油发动机上的实际使用性能。在BF6M1015CP柴油发动机和柴油车辆上分别进行1 000 h发动机台架可靠性试验和高原实际道路行车试验,利用红外光谱等仪器对定期抽取的油样进行理化性能指标测试。结果表明：两个黏度等级的重负荷动力传动通用润滑油各项理化指标变化较小,均能满足高原地区大功率、重负荷柴油发动机的用油要求。使用两个黏度等级润滑油的发动机在功率和扭矩方面大小相当,使用5W/40重负荷动力传动通用润滑油的发动机在高转速区（转速高于1 600 r/min）油耗率低,在低转速区（转速低于1 600 r/min）油耗率较高;但在抗氧抗腐性、高温清净性和抗磨性等方面,15W/40重负荷动力传动通用润滑油的表现略优一些。     

拱顶罐量油孔油气逸出及扩散数值模拟

为了模拟拱顶罐量油孔油气逸出及逸出后的扩散过程,基于k-ε湍流理论建立了拱顶罐量油孔油气逸出扩散控制方程组,采用数值模拟方法重点讨论了不同罐内压力条件下油气逸出速度和量油孔附近油气浓度的变化.模拟结果表明罐内压力随时间变化与已有理论推导结果吻合;由于罐内正压,油气逸出速度很大,并且均在1 s左右达到峰值;在距离量油孔孔口2 m范围内,油气浓度偏高,无论是从安全、环保还是从人员健康方面考虑,都应采取措施降低油气浓度.     

油料洞库通风系统探讨

油料洞库通风系统是油料洞库的有机组成部分,其主要作用在于降低洞库油气浓度、减小洞库湿度以及进行油罐清洗通风,从而提高油料洞库的安全性,减少金属设备的腐蚀.分析了油料洞库的基本结构型式,探讨了油料洞库通风系统工艺布置,分析了通风系统工艺设备组成、通风模式及设备选型,给出了油料洞库通风流量、通风管道规格及通风机全风压的计算...     

基于人工嗅觉系统的油液渗漏检测方法

机电设备油液渗漏是一种典型的多发性故障,利用人工嗅觉技术对渗漏油液挥发气体进行测试从而进行故障诊断是一种新的无损检测方法。使用人工嗅觉系统对模拟柴油、齿轮油和机油渗漏产生的挥发气体进行检测,结果为三维数据阵列(样本×时间×传感器)。应用二维主成分分析法和三维平铺主成分分析法、平行因子分析方法对三种油液挥发气体样本进行分类,结果表明平行因子分析法由于利用了数据集的三维结构信息,所以分类效果更佳;应用主成分回归方法实现了机油挥发气体样本的定量确定,说明使用人工嗅觉系统实现设定阈值报警是可能的。