软件测试的故障模型

故障模型是测试的基础,也是一个测试方法成熟的重要标志.软件的错误表现为2个方面:①计算结果错误;②系统"死机".导致第1类错误的故障相对来说是比较容易检测的.导致系统死机的故障其后果是严重的,这类故障由于一般其检测概率较小,也往往难以检测.死循环故障是最常见的能引起系统死机的故障,但这种故障由于其复杂性难以对其模型化,同时在许多情况下,死循环故障也比较容易暴露.对C 中几种能导致系统死机的典型故障进行了分析,这种故障的检测其意义重大,将这些典型的故障组合在一起,就构成了面向软件系统死机故障的故障模型.     

新指挥控制原理

指挥控制系统是兵力放大器,信息时代的挑战是要突破这种传统理念的束缚。传统的指挥控制赋予兵力系统以自动机功能,而新指挥控制原理则赋予兵力系统具有生命系统特征的进化能力,具有进化特征的兵力系统将更加灵活和更具适应性,采用自组织、自学习、自修复的运作方式,以满足系统与系统对抗、体系与体系对抗的需求为构建目标。文中在分析了指挥控制的基本问题的基础上,从指挥控制的性质的角度,归纳和提出了新指挥控制原理,并尝试解释原理的含义、本质、特点和可能应用。文中的观点对分析设计指挥控制体系、系统、方法具有理论和实践意义。     

Development programs for one‐shot systems using multiple‐state design reliability models

Design reliability at the beginning of a product development program is typically low, and development costs can account for a large proportion of total product cost. We consider how to conduct development programs (series of tests and redesigns) for one‐shot systems (which are destroyed at first use or during testing). In rough terms, our aim is to both achieve high final design reliability and spend as little of a fixed budget as possible on development. We employ multiple‐state reliability models. Dynamic programming is used to identify a best test‐and‐redesign strategy and is shown to be presently computationally feasible for at least 5‐state models. Our analysis is flexible enough to allow for the accelerated stress testing needed in the case of ultra‐high reliability requirements, where testing otherwise provides little information on design reliability change. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2004     

舰艇编队保障性指标的分解方法

针对目前保障性分配仅限于单船的问题,借鉴基本可靠度的分配思想,通过对舰艇编队使用可用度与单船使用可用度关系的分析,建立了舰艇编队保障性指标分解模型,并采用多因子评分系数分配法来确定舰艇编队保障性指标的权重。最后,通过实例给出了具体分解操作步骤,证明了该模型的正确性和有效性。分解结果可优化舰艇编队的编成,为编队里同型单船保障性指标的确定提供修正,同时为完善舰艇编队的综合保障工程提供参考。     

线导鱼雷的导引算法、方法和方案及使用性能

依据水下平台获取目标信息的特点和线导鱼雷的导引机制,阐述了线导鱼雷导引控制有关术语的概念、解决的问题及相互关系,指出改善线导鱼雷导引使用性能的根本环节在于对导引方案的优化。通过对“自动导引”方案存在问题的分析,提出优化线导鱼雷导引方案,必须突破依靠单一探测器和“全程跟踪”观念的束缚,充分利用来自各种渠道的目标信息和鱼雷的速度资源,发挥作战使用者的主导地位,才能提高其适应复杂作战环境的能力,进而发挥出武器装备应有的作战效能。     

基于效果的作战方案优化方法

针对实际作战中快速、正确的决策要求,在基于效果作战的概念下,采用面向实体的方法对作战方案进行建模,并提出基于DBN的评估网络作为方案优化的评估引擎,利用GA在评估结果中搜索得到最优的作战方案。最后以某登陆战役为实例验证了该方法的有效性。考虑了作战过程中的不确定因素,保证了优化后的方案能达到最佳效果的同时还具有较高的鲁棒性,为作战指挥员优选作战方案提供了科学依据。     

Group testing procedures with quantitative features and incomplete identification

We present a group testing model for items characterized by marker random variables. An item is defined to be good (defective) if its marker is below (above) a given threshold. The items can be tested in groups; the goal is to obtain a prespecified number of good items by testing them in optimally sized groups. Besides this group size, the controller has to select a threshold value for the group marker sums, and the target number of groups which by the tests are classified to consist only of good items. These decision variables have to be chosen so as to minimize a cost function, which is a linear combination of the expected number of group tests and an expected penalty for missing the desired number of good items, subject to constraints on the probabilities of misclassifications. We treat two models of this kind: the first one is based on an infinite population size, whereas the second one deals with the case of a finite number of available items. All performance measures are derived in closed form; approximations are also given. Furthermore, we prove monotonicity properties of the components of the objective function and of the constraints. In several examples, we study (i) the dependence of the cost function on the decision variables and (ii) the dependence of the optimal values of the decision variables (group size, group marker threshold, and stopping rule for groups classified as clean) and of the target functionals (optimal expected number of tests, optimal expected penalty, and minimal expected cost) on the system parameters.© 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2011     

贝叶斯网络的编队对地攻击作战效能评估

针对影响编队作战效能的不确定性因素,提出基于灰色模糊贝叶斯网络的作战效能评估模型.该模型首先将不确定性因素分为灰色模糊域和概率域两大类,然后在灰色模糊域使用灰色模糊综合评判对不确定性因素进行评判,并运用可能性概率转换理论将评判结果转换为概率域知识,最后在概率知识域使用贝叶斯网络推理算法得到作战效能评估指标值.实例计算表明,该方法能够较好地量化处理不确定性知识,具有一定的实用性.     

舰艇编队综合作战能力评估的模糊聚类分析

评估舰艇编队综合作战能力强弱的模糊聚类分析涉及编队对海作战能力、编队反潜作战能力、编队防空作战能力、编队电子战能力、编队指挥控制能力和编队战场适应能力等因素.以若干舰艇编队为研究对象,对因素指标进行标准量化.据标准化数据用指数相似系数法计算样本间的相似关系,最后根据各样本与基准样本相聚类或分离进行量化分析,判断各舰艇编队综合作战能力的强弱次序.     

反舰导弹末端机动方式的作战使用方法

为了研究反舰导弹各种末端机动弹道(蛇行机动、螺旋机动、摆式机动等)的控制和使用方法,首先对反舰导弹末端机动控制参数之间的关系进行深入分析,然后依据反舰导弹与水面舰艇之间的攻防对抗机理和反舰导弹作战使用限制条件,得出反舰导弹在各种约束条件下的末端机动弹道控制参数解算模型,最后以舰空弹脱靶量最大为反舰弹最优机动准则,解算反舰弹各种机动方式下的最优机动策略。