Pakistan’s response to US foreign policy towards South Asia 1977–1993

Relations between the USA and Pakistan have been tenuous since the 1947 partition of British India and the subsequent creation of the former. The 1979 Soviet intervention in Afghanistan focused the attention of the international community on South Asia. This article will examine the foreign policies of three successive US Presidential Administrations between 1977 and 1993, and how their decisions and corresponding actions were interpreted by the Pakistani government and its people. The key finding is the trend of the ebb and flow of US interest in Pakistan. The primary research conducted for this article shows that Pakistanis recognize this trend and consider it hypocritical of the US government. The current conditions in South Asia are ominously similar to those of 1992 with the drawdown of US and NATO troops from Afghanistan. Policy-makers would be wise to review the events of 1977–1993 so that the cycle is not repeated again.     

基于空间几何关系的反交会规避机动方法研究

针对具有自主接近能力的航天器开展了反交会规避机动方法研究。首先,建立了仅测角相对导航模型,对完全不可观测机动进行定义,基于空间几何关系推导并证明了完全不可观测机动是不存在的。随后,以施加规避机动后追踪器对逃逸器的测量值与未机动时的差异为优化目标,利用矢量乘积原理设计目标函数,建立优化模型并对变量约束进行分析,随后采用遗传算法对最优规避机动方向进行优化。给出的仿真算例结果表明,提出的规避机动方向计算方法能够使目标函数值达到最小,从而提升追踪器对逃逸器的状态估计难度,降低其估计精度。本文方法为规避机动问题研究提供了一种新的视角,可为以主动接近航天器这类新对象进行的规避研究提供有益借鉴。     

鱼雷装备备件隶属关系的两级库存系统配置优化研究

备件库存系统配置优化是提高武器装备的战备完好性和降低寿命周期费用的重要途径,但在装备组成结构中,由于部件之间存在一定的隶属关系,并不是所有的项目都能够进行串件。针对现有两级库存系统备件配置优化研究的不完善之处,根据装备结构层次特点,通过分析鱼雷装备LRU和SRU备件两级库存系统,提出了备件初始配置方案下的备件库存缺货数模型,并在此基础上建立了基于备件隶属关系的两级库存系统配置优化模型。该模型以鱼雷装备使用度和库存费用为优化目标,通过优化备件库存配置结构,生成较好的备件库存配置方案,从而节约备件配置费用,避免造成资源浪费。     

弹着时间可控的机动目标多弹协同制导律

针对机动目标的多导弹齐射攻击,运用最优控制和卡尔曼滤波理论探索机动目标下弹着时间可控制导律问题。设计了一种最优弹着时间可控的制导律,它由指定弹着时间和预计弹着时间的误差作为反馈信号与传统比例制导律结合推导得出,称之为弹着时间可控制导律（Impact-time-control Guidance Law,简称ITCG）,同时利用卡尔曼滤波估计了目标加速度。通过对作战模型情况的仿真,可以看出这种新型的制导律应用于引导多发导弹以指定时间同时攻击目标时的有效性和可行性。     

基于蚁群算法的火力分配寻优方法研究

火力分配的优化是最大限度的发挥火力单位效能,达到最大毁伤效果的基础和前提,将蚁群算法应用于火力分配的优化.研究了蚁群算法用于火力分配寻优的相关条件,给出了火力分配寻优的模型和算法.最后,结合一个应用实例,说明了蚁群算法用于解决火力分配问题有很好的应用价值.     

辐射传热时活塞式气缸中加热气体的最大膨胀功

对热辐射传热定律q∝Δ(T4)下,给定初态内能、体积,末态体积以及过程时间时,加热气体膨胀的最优构型进行了研究,利用最优控制理论得出最大膨胀功输出时膨胀的最优构型由两个瞬时绝热分支和一个E-L分支组成的结论.给出了各分支之间转换点参数的求解方法及最优构型的数值算例,最后将线性唯象传热定律、牛顿传热定律、平方传热定律、立方传热定律和辐射传热定律下加热气体膨胀的最优构型进行了比较.结果显示,随着传热指数的增加,理想气体的内能呈现出明显的整体增加趋势,而体积则呈现出明显的整体减小趋势.     

基于最大故障特征信息熵的测试点优化设计

为解决故障诊断和可测试性设计中普遍存在的测试点优化问题,以相关性矩阵模型为基础,建立了最大故障特征信息熵的优化准则,给出了相应的测试点优化设计方法。应用实例表明：该方法是可行的、正确的,能为武器装备的故障诊断和可测试性设计提供有力的支持。     

Dynamic inventory management with cash flow constraints

In this article, we consider a classic dynamic inventory control problem of a self‐financing retailer who periodically replenishes its stock from a supplier and sells it to the market. The replenishment decisions of the retailer are constrained by cash flow, which is updated periodically following purchasing and sales in each period. Excess demand in each period is lost when insufficient inventory is in stock. The retailer's objective is to maximize its expected terminal wealth at the end of the planning horizon. We characterize the optimal inventory control policy and present a simple algorithm for computing the optimal policies for each period. Conditions are identified under which the optimal control policies are identical across periods. We also present comparative statics results on the optimal control policy. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 2008     

舰炮对岸应召射击最优火力分配

针对舰炮射击特点,分析了海上射击误差,探讨了集群目标的简化处理方法,给出了最优火力分配时表尺差和弹药消耗量计算模型,并进行了举例分析。利用最优火力分配方法来计算舰炮效力射表尺差和弹药消耗量,避免了指挥员战场射击指挥的盲目性,可以在相同弹药消耗量情况下取得最佳射击效果。     

Determination of burn‐in parameters and residual life for highly reliable products

Today, many products are designed and manufactured to function for a long period of time before they fail. Determining product reliability is a great challenge to manufacturers of highly reliable products with only a relatively short period of time available for internal life testing. In particular, it may be difficult to determine optimal burn‐in parameters and characterize the residual life distribution. A promising alternative is to use data on a quality characteristic (QC) whose degradation over time can be related to product failure. Typically, product failure corresponds to the first passage time of the degradation path beyond a critical value. If degradation paths can be modeled properly, one can predict failure time and determine the life distribution without actually observing failures. In this paper, we first use a Wiener process to describe the continuous degradation path of the quality characteristic of the product. A Wiener process allows nonconstant variance and nonzero correlation among data collected at different time points. We propose a decision rule for classifying a unit as normal or weak, and give an economic model for determining the optimal termination time and other parameters of a burn‐in test. Next, we propose a method for assessing the product's lifetime distribution of the passed units. The proposed methodologies are all based only on the product's initial observed degradation data. Finally, an example of an electronic product, namely contact image scanner (CIS), is used to illustrate the proposed procedure. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2003