Theories of Non-Balancing and Russia’s Foreign Policy

The beginning of the twenty-first century has witnessed the emergence of balancing responses to the US hegemony, among which Russia’s foreign policies stand out as corresponding to what is understood as ‘hard balancing.’ Why is the United States being balanced against? This paper categorizes the existing theories of non-balancing into six conditions that together guarantee the absence of balancing and demonstrates that the current unipolar system can satisfy only one of them. This eases the systemic constraints and makes balancing possible. The paper then presents three cases of balancing with reference to President Putin’s foreign policy. It argues that even though in terms of relative military capabilities unipolarity still holds, the emergence of counter-hegemonic balancing is indicative of important changes in the nature of post-Cold War American domination.     

Small footprint,small payoff: The military effectiveness of security force assistance

After 15 years of war in Afghanistan and Iraq, many now see ‘small-footprint’ security force assistance (SFA) – training, advising and equipping allied militaries – as an alternative to large US ground-force commitments. Yet, its actual military efficacy has been little studied. This paper seeks to fill this gap. We find important limitations on SFA’s military utility, stemming from agency problems arising from systematic interest misalignment between the US and its typical partners. SFA’s achievable upper bound is modest and attainable only if US policy is intrusive and conditional, which it rarely is. For SFA, small footprints will usually mean small payoffs.     

韩国反导政策:调整、原因及影响

韩国自20世纪90年代起开始考虑反导系统的构建以来,其反导政策经历了"明确反对加入美国反导体系,自主构建韩国型导弹防御系统"到"强化韩美、韩美日反导合作,谋求实质上融入美国反导体系"的显著调整与变化。韩国反导政策的演变与朝鲜核、导威胁的与日俱增、韩国自身反导能力的不足及美国的极力推动等因素密不可分。当前,韩国开始部署"萨德"末段高空区域反导系统,韩美反导合作日益深入,并向韩美日三边合作拓展,且取得了实质性的进展。韩国强化与美、日的反导联合,在军事、外交、安全方面引发了广泛影响。     

现、退役军人（武警）涉税政策与税收筹划

中国人民武装警察部队现、退役人员及随军家属创业、就业的各项税收制度和减免税政策,是国家拥军制度的组成部分和重要体现。落实好这些政策,对于凝聚人心、鼓舞士气、保持意志,更好地完成使命具有重要意义。     

论国际贸易中转基因食品的标识政策

近年来,各种食源性公共卫生危机引发了社会公众对转基因食品安全性的关注。转基因食品的生产方与消费方对转基因食品的安全性各执一词,尚未有足够的科学证据证明转基因食品的安全性或危险性。转基因食品的标识政策应运而生,一方面允许转基因食品的商品化,另一方面要求转基因食品明确标识,以保障消费者的知情权与选择权。研究当前主要标识管理政策,分析我国的转基因食品标识政策具有重要的现实意义。     

高等教育人才培养结构研究相关问题分析

围绕高等教育人才培养结构研究,对国内外学者关于高等教育与经济、人力资本理论、高等教育结构及高等教育人才培养结构等研究情况进行梳理和分析。     

潜艇水声对抗及水声对抗器材的应用

依据装备的发展,在论述潜艇水声对抗的地位和战术特点的基础上,从水声对抗器材作用原理的角度,把目前国内外水声对抗器材归为噪声干扰、气幕屏蔽、声学诱骗三种类型。通过剖析这些水声对抗器材的对抗机理,深入分析了它们适宜的应用时机和可能实现的战术目的。进而,提出了各类水声对抗器材在使用时机方面对潜艇作战效果所具有的两面性,以及潜艇使用水声对抗器材后自身的机动策略是达成其战术目的的重要环节。     

An optimal critical level policy for inventory systems with two demand classes

Traditional inventory systems treat all demands of a given item equally. This approach is optimal if the penalty costs of all customers are the same, but it is not optimal if the penalty costs are different for different customer classes. Then, demands of customers with high penalty costs must be filled before demands of customers with low penalty costs. A commonly used inventory policy for dealing with demands with different penalty costs is the critical level inventory policy. Under this policy demands with low penalty costs are filled as long as inventory is above a certain critical level. If the inventory reaches the critical level, only demands with high penalty costs are filled and demands with low penalty costs are backordered. In this article, we consider a critical level policy for a periodic review inventory system with two demand classes. Because traditional approaches cannot be used to find the optimal parameters of the policy, we use a multidimensional Markov chain to model the inventory system. We use a sample path approach to prove several properties of this inventory system. Although the cost function is not convex, we can build on these properties to develop an optimization approach that finds the optimal solution. We also present some numerical results. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2008     

科研选题重复因素的分析与对策初探

科研选题中,周期短、见效快的课题重复率较高,其原因与科技人员晋级需求,社会集团易对“短、平、快”选题投资,科研管理人员的情报意识淡漠等因素有关。改变现状需要科技政策的制定者对基础科学研究和从事基础科学研究的人员给予更多的重视和政策的倾斜。科研管理部门应把握科研方向、人才培养、选题调整及发挥专家对审题的充分论证。采取各项综合措施,可望降低科研选题的重复。     

一种有价值的预防维修策略

当前,在系统的维修性方面,有许多概念是模糊的;许多行为是盲目的,至少是经验主义的。本文针对这些情况,提出了完整的科学维修的概念。以一个有使用价值的预防性维修策略为例,通过讨论,使这种科学维修的概念具体化,并且给出了系统的首翻期、维修周期以及更换期的严格定义和确定方法。