燃烧室前缘扩张角对旋转爆震冲压发动机的影响

针对圆柱形隔离段-燃烧室构型的旋转爆震冲压发动机,开展了总温为860 K、马赫数为2的来流条件下的直连式试验,探讨了燃烧室前缘扩张角(θ=30°,45°,60°,90°)对爆震波传播特性、工况范围及压力分布的影响。结果表明:当燃烧室前缘扩张角为90°时,燃烧模态均为爆燃燃烧;随着扩张角的减小,燃烧模态将会向锯齿波和混合模态(包含单波阶段)转换。当燃烧室前缘扩张角为30°时,旋转爆震的自持工况范围最宽且燃烧室压力最高;同时,随着燃烧室前缘扩张角减小,实现混合模态的当量比下限降低。此外,分析了燃烧模态对来流的影响,发现:锯齿波/混合模态燃烧室内存在的周期性高频压力扰动会使隔离段内的激波串位置前移;混合模态对超声速来流的影响最为显著。     

航空燃料水反应试验条件对试验结果的影响

航空燃料水反应试验是检测喷气燃料和航空汽油洁净性指标的一个重要方法,该方法的试验结果受试验条件影响.探讨了试验条件对试验结果的影响,通过考察摇动速率和摇动幅度,提出了优化摇动速率和摇动幅度的试验控制条件.在摇动时间为2min、摇动速率为150次/min、摇动幅度控制在185 mm、静置时间为5 min进行试验时,其试验结果均呈现很好的重复性和再现性,较好地消除了方法中试验条件控制对试验结果的影响.     

吸附式储存液体燃料技术初探

利用吸油材料将液体燃料进行吸附储存是一种全新的储存方式,该储存方式与传统空腔储存液体的方式相比,在储存的安全性和可靠性上具有明显的优势。论文初次提出吸附式储存液体燃料技术（简称SFAM）的概念,并详细分析了SFAM技术下的吸放油性能、抑爆性能及环境适应性能的要求与实现机理,同时结合SFAM技术的使用特点和应用背景,对聚丙稀吸油棉、天然植物纤维、吸油树脂和聚氨酯泡沫等四类吸附材料进行了综合分析比较。     

镁基水反应金属燃料及水冲压发动机初步试验

通过热力学计算预估水冲压发动机的性能,确定了燃料配方,并研制出试验用镁基水反应金属燃料。成功进行了水冲压发动机原理样机热试车,对水冲压发动机及其燃料的性能进行了初步研究。     

固体燃料冲压发动机飞行性能分析

固体燃料冲压发动机性能通过进气道与导弹飞行工况关联在一起,其工作过程需考虑导弹飞行参数对发动机性能的影响。与其它冲压发动机相比,固体燃料冲压发动机一个显著特点是推进剂燃烧过程不仅与推进剂配方、发动机结构和燃烧室压强有关,还取决于燃烧室入口空气参数,因此工作过程较为复杂。在国内首次建立固体燃料冲压发动机工作过程仿真模型,并分析导弹飞行马赫数和高度对发动机性能的影响规律。     

粉末燃料冲压发动机内镁粉尘云层流燃烧模型

对粉末燃料冲压发动机预燃室内镁粉尘云燃烧过程进行了研究,建立了镁粉尘云的一维层流预混燃烧模型。研究表明,镁粉尘云层流火焰传播很稳定,燃烧过程中火焰结构基本不变,燃烧区很薄,而预热区厚度约是燃烧区的2-3倍。粉尘云中镁颗粒的蒸发和气相镁与氧气的均相反应是产生火焰的直接原因,也是火焰得以传播的关键。预热区气相温度升高主要靠燃烧区气体的导热和扩散过来的气相镁与氧气反应释放热量,而预热区颗粒相温度升高主要靠气相对其对流传热。分析了各参数对粉尘云燃烧的影响,颗粒相对浓度对粉尘云燃烧的影响比较复杂,在浓度较低的情况下,增大颗粒相对浓度有利于粉尘云快速燃烧;而在浓度较高的情况下,增大颗粒相对浓度则不利于粉尘云快速燃烧。随颗粒粒径的增加,火焰传播速度减小,火焰温度升高,预热区厚度增大。火焰传播速度和火焰温度随粉尘云初温增加线性增长,预热区厚度随粉尘云初温增加抛物线增长。数值模拟与文献中试验结果的变化趋势相一致。     

NUCLEAR ISLANDS

Current International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards do not provide adequate protection against the diversion to military use of materials or technology from certain types of sensitive nuclear fuel cycle facilities. In view of highly enriched uranium's relatively greater ease of use as a nuclear explosive material than plutonium and the significant diseconomies of commercial spent fuel reprocessing, this article focuses on the need for improved international controls over uranium enrichment facilities as the proximate justification for creation of an International Nuclear Fuel Cycle Association (INFCA). In principle, the proposal is equally applicable to alleviating the proliferation concerns provoked by nuclear fuel reprocessing plants and other sensitive nuclear fuel cycle facilities. The INFCA would provide significantly increased nonproliferation assurance to its member states and the wider international community by holding long-term leasehold contracts to operate secure restricted zones containing such sensitive nuclear facilities.     

HEU FUEL CYCLE INVENTORIES AND PROGRESS ON GLOBAL MINIMIZATION

In 2007, 334 nuclear reactors (including for naval propulsion) and isotope production facilities employed highly enriched uranium (HEU) fuel or target material. One year of operations at these reactors and facilities required more than 3,100 kilograms (kg) of HEU for naval propulsion, more than 750 kg for research reactors, and 40?–50 kg for isotope production in civilian facilities—in addition to several tons used in other types of reactors. Material with high enrichment levels and low radiation barriers stored or handled in large batches, such as HEU target waste and certain types of fuel from isotope production, research reactors/critical assemblies, and naval fuel, presents serious safety and security concerns. Forty-eight civilian research reactors have converted to low-enriched uranium as a result of a three-decade international effort to minimize HEU use, resulting in a decrease in HEU consumption of 278 kg per year. This article's establishment of baseline measurements for assessing the results of HEU minimization efforts calls for additional focus on the scope and methodology of HEU minimization. Facility decommissioning and dismantling should play a larger role in the future HEU minimization effort, materials with specific weapons-relevant properties should be given higher priority compared to bulk HEU material, and the use of large quantities of weapon-grade HEU fuel for naval propulsion should be reconsidered.     

高海拔下柴油机燃用含氧燃料的试验研究

为解决高海拔地区因缺氧和燃料燃烧不完全造成的发动机动力下降和燃油消耗率增加的问题,将生物柴油以不同体积分数(5%,10%)掺混到柴油中进行发动机台架试验。通过控制发动机进气压力模拟高海拔条件下含氧燃料的燃烧,考察平原和海拔3 000 m地区不同掺混比例的含氧燃料对发动机性能的影响。结果表明:在平原燃用含氧燃料,发动机功率较燃用纯柴油有所降低,且降幅随生物柴油添加量的增加而增大,同时燃油消耗率上升;在海拔3 000 m地区燃用含氧燃料,发动机功率较燃用纯柴油有所增加,且燃油消耗率下降;不管是在平原还是在海拔3 000 m地区,燃用含氧燃料均能够显著降低HC、CO和碳烟排放,但NOx排放有所增加。     

燃汽轮机作为坦克动力的现状与分析

阐述了美国、俄罗斯应用燃汽轮机作为坦克动力的现状。假设将俄罗斯ГТД-1250燃汽轮机及其传动装置装入国产某型坦克动力舱,通过对发动机牵引力和燃油消耗量的计算,并与原型坦克进行对比分析,结果表明：燃汽轮机作为坦克动力在性能上能够满足使用要求。