Economic and environmental impacts of vertical and horizontal competition and integration

We explore the economic and environmental impacts of market structures (competition or integration at vertical and horizontal levels). We consider a bilateral duopoly consisting of two manufacturers and two retailers in which each manufacturer offers a wholesale price contract to the respective retailer. The manufacturers decide on wholesale prices and abatement efforts concerning pollution emissions related to manufacturing processes, whereas the retailers compete in quantities in the consumer market. To understand the comprehensive effects of market structures on economic competitiveness and environmental sustainability, we examine a measure of eco‐friendly social welfare, which is the ratio of social welfare and environmental pollution. Interestingly, we find that the market structures that have been believed to be more efficient are less efficient from a broader perspective: (1) double marginalization can generate higher eco‐friendly social welfare, and (2) horizontal competition between firms can result in lower eco‐friendly social welfare. Although vertical integration and horizontal competition yield greater social welfare by facilitating more production activities, these market structures often fail to induce sufficient abatement efforts to balance the polluting effect of the large volume, resulting in more significant environmental degradation. We also show that, despite the pollution‐curbing effect, higher emission penalties can result in less eco‐friendly social welfare. They can even curtail the abatement efforts of firms under particular circumstances. When products become more substitutable, the eco‐friendly social welfare can decrease depending upon the market structure.     

新疆高等教育专业结构与产业结构适应性分析

经济的集约型发展使得教育尤其是高等教育越来越成为推动经济增长的最重要因素之一。为丰富高等教育发展模式、强化其个性和特色、增强与地方经济的联系,高等教育的发展不断提升区域化,即区域高等教育的发展以区域经济社会发展的需要为目标和指导,充分发挥高等教育对地方经济社会建设的推动作用。本文分析了新疆区域高等教育专业结构及经济结构的发展现状,找出二者对接过程中存在的矛盾,提出适应新疆区域经济发展的高校专业结构调整对策。     

一种计算任意形状封闭区域面积的新方法

在图像模式识别中 ,面积是很重要的特征。提出一种计算面积的新方法 ,利用Freeman链码矢量分析 ,对边界像素标注综合处理 ,再进行边界像素坐标加权求和计算 ,求得目标面积 ;该方法与原有计算面积的方法相比 ,该方法实现简单 ,计算量小 ,结果准确     

奎屯城市经济活动的变化发展分析

本文运用城市经济基础理论,采用定量方法,对奎屯城市经济基础的变化发展进行了深入细致的分析并对奎屯城市经济发展方向及目标提出了较为科学客观的建议.     

恒速航行原理的数学证明与分析

提出并证明了船舶经济航行的基本原理———恒速航行原理 .先将实际船舶航行中最经济航行的航速选择这个一般性问题抽象成纯数学问题 :在规定的时间内从A地航行到B地 ,如何选择航速以使推进系统总耗功最省 ;然后在数学上证明恒速航行原理 ,即恒速航行是船舶经济航行唯一的选择 ;最后 ,将该原理推广到其它交通手段 ,如车辆行驶和飞机飞行     

经济增长对社会稳定的双重影响

经济增长对社会稳定的影响是双重的。立足经济增长的社会稳定对策要注重强化经济增长对社会稳定的积极影响,将其发挥到最大限度,同时弱化经济增长对社会稳定的消极影响,把它减弱到最低程度。     

“Made in China”: an emerging brand in the global arms market

Possession of a brand is a sine qua non for economic success, not least because it connotes trust in delivering the value promised. Although Western arms exporters offer branded systems whose sales are influenced by price, there is a plethora of other economic variables, such as offset requirements and life-cycle support. Entrants to the international arms market will struggle without such arms “packages.” China’s entry, however, goes beyond the traditional economic paradigm. A four-stage historical model offers the backdrop for identifying the drivers that have forged its market entry into 55 countries worldwide. The strategy initially focused on sales of rudimentary military equipment for political purposes, but recently it has begun to commercialize exports, repositioning them from a low- to a high-tech sales trajectory. A Sino “brand” is thus emerging, reflecting both competitiveness and diplomatic considerations, especially non-interference in client state domestic affairs.     

用卷积神经网络分类最大稳定极值区域实现汉字区域定位

获取对应笔画级连通区的最大稳定极值区域,实施形态学闭操作融合相距较近的最大稳定极值区域,融合后最大稳定极值区域对应的单个汉字区域;利用灰度共生矩阵描述最大稳定极值矩形区域的纹理信息,将其作为卷积神经网络的输入,卷积神经网络对最大稳定极值区域进行分类,过滤非汉字部分;利用最大稳定极值区域颜色直方图的Bhattacharyya距离等特征对最大稳定极值区域进行聚类,同一类最大稳定极值区域组合得到汉字文本候选区域;再次利用卷积神经网络对候选文本区域进行分类,过滤非文本部分,剩余的就是定位到的汉字文本区域。实验结果表明,该算法对于汉字区域定位具有良好的效果。     

基于0-1分辨矩阵的集群探测盲区判定

针对航空集群协同反隐身探测盲区的识别判定问题,在多种编队构型下的集群协同探测仿真结果的基础上,运用属性的0-1分辨矩阵方法进行识别,对于连通的区域,建立相关模型,求得允许目标通过的最小宽度,将建立的模型应用到模拟作战中,仿真结果验证模型的正确性和合理性。结论表明,航空集群协同横向探测盲区可视为探测区下的保护区;纵向探测盲区则视为连通区域;斜探测盲区的判定,则依据通道倾斜角、通道长度和宽度的比值而定。     

新疆吸毒问题原因透视

新疆紧邻世界最大毒源地“金新月”,处在“金三角”和“金新月”两面夹击之下。近年来,新疆的毒品犯罪活动日趋突出,吸毒群体不断扩大,严重影响了新疆的社会稳定和经济发展。从宏观社会环境、微观环境及吸毒者个体因素三个方面对新疆吸毒问题产生的原因进行了深入分析,以期为新疆禁吸毒工作提供决策依据。