A Re-assessment of the Japanese Armaments Production During World War II*

Abstract

This paper examines the nexus between the Japanese strategy and economic–industrial mobilization during the period 1937–1945. From 1937 to December 1941, the country was engaged in a land war of attrition in China. This war requested an immense amount of resources and was associated with armaments procurement strategy with emphasis in the army. However, the Japanese strategic vision assumed that the state was strong enough to engage in one land war against China and in a naval war in the Pacific simultaneously. The basis of Japanese strategy was a utopia. Making things worse, the naval war in the Pacific was conducted against the most industrialized powers in the world [the US and the British Empire (Britain, Australia, India, etc.)]. Finally, the internal Japanese industrial mobilization was associated with immense errors in armaments production (absence of economies of scale and scope, limited raw materials, etc.). Under these circumstances, the defeat was an expected outcome.     

消防部队实施区域灭火救援的思考

随着新《中华人民共和国消防法》颁布实施,公安消防部队除了承担防火、灭火工作之外,还承担着重大灾害事故和其他以抢救人员生命为主的应急救援工作。我国边疆地域面积辽阔,一些县市面积很大,消防队伍力量薄弱,造成灭火救援力量不能及时的到达现场,不能最大限度的发挥公安消防部队的职能作用。结合解放军在作战时划分战区的考虑,从消防部队灭火救援工作的实际出发,对今后我国消防部队灭火救援工作提出了一些新思路、新方法。以期有效的利用我国目前的消防资源,最大限度减少火灾损失,发挥最大的能力,保障人民群众的生命安全。     

弹药供应站配置地域选定辅助决策模型

建立了用于评估弹药供应站配置地域的指标体系, 利用层次分析法对各个指标进行了权重分配, 得到了弹药供应站配置方案的择优方法, 并运用模型进行了模拟决策。本模型已经在计算机上编程实现。     

红外图像中海天线的提取

针对海空背景红外图像中海天线的提取问题,利用直线检测的思想,提出了Hough变换方法.仿真实验表明,Hough变换具有较好的抗背景干扰的能力,可很好地解决强背景干扰下海天线的提取问题.     

一种基于区域标记的虹膜内边缘定位新算法

提出了一种新颖简单的虹膜内边缘(瞳孔)定位算法.首先,采用Soble边缘检测算子和形态学变换进行边缘检测;然后,利用区域标记法为边缘检测后形成的各连通成分赋予相应的灰度值,并利用直方图的方法分离出瞳孔区域;最后,采用投影的方法进行瞳孔的定位.实验结果表明,文中提出的方法能够准确地进行虹膜内边缘定位.     

On parallel machine replacement problems with general replacement cost functions and stochastic deterioration

The parallel machine replacement problem consists of finding a minimum cost replacement policy for a finite population of economically interdependent machines. In this paper, we formulate a stochastic version of the problem and analyze the structure of optimal policies under general classes of replacement cost functions. We prove that for problems with arbitrary cost functions, there can be optimal policies where a machine is replaced only if all machines in worse states are replaced (Worse Cluster Replacement Rule). We then show that, for problems with replacement cost functions exhibiting nonincreasing marginal costs, there are optimal policies such that, in any stage, machines in the same state are either all kept or all replaced (No‐Splitting Rule). We also present an example that shows that economies of scale in replacement costs do not guarantee optimal policies that satisfy the No‐Splitting Rule. These results lead to the fundamental insight that replacement decisions are driven by marginal costs, and not by economies of scale as suggested in the literature. Finally, we describe how the optimal policy structure, i.e., the No‐Splitting and Worse Cluster Replacement Rules, can be used to reduce the computational effort required to obtain optimal replacement policies. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2005     

经济视野的新时期军事安全战略

经济全球化深刻影响和改变了世界经济、政治、军事安全形势,促使我们探索新时期的国家军事安全战略。本文试图由经济视角透视新时期军事安全战略,简要分析了经济全球化背景下我国军事安全面临的挑战,强调经济安全是新时期军事安全战略的立足点和重要战略目标,并探讨了经济软实力作为非战争军事斗争方式的运用及经济全球化影响下的新时期军事安全战略的特征。     

部队思想政治工作矛盾运动规律的经济学思考

思想政治工作从事的是人的工作,遵循一般社会实践活动的基本规律,我们把部队思想政治工作比作一个复杂的生产过程,为使其顺利进行,并取得较好效益,必须在思想政治工作矛盾运动的关键点上下功夫,进行主体优化。从客体出发重视供求关系,加快部队思想政治工作矛盾运动循环。合理安排部队思想政治工作内部各生产要素的比例和数量,走规模经济建设之路。     

偏心桶式磁流变传动装置在未屈服区的特性研究

提出一种新型磁流变传动装置———偏心桶式磁流变传动装置,在一定假设的基础上,建立了这种传动装置在未屈服区的传递力矩理论计算模型,比较其与同心桶式磁流变传动装置的传递力矩,并利用有限元分析软件ANSYS对同心桶式及偏心桶式磁流变传动装置在未屈服区的液流情况进行了仿真分析。     

Volume discount decisions: Wealth maximization or EOQ approach?

A recent paper finds that when volume discounts are available, in some cases, reliance on the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) model can induce purchasers to make wealth reducing decisions, and the Present Value (PV) approach should be preferred. While this finding is theoretically correct, the magnitudes of wealth reductions suggested by the paper's numerical examples seem to be questionable. Furthermore, the paper also finds that, in some other cases, a purchaser using the EOQ approach realizes a net increase in current wealth compared to a purchaser using the PV approach. Logic suggests that such a finding cannot be correct, since by its very definition, it is the PV approach that seeks to maximize the current wealth. We offer an alternative frame of comparison and a modified model to show that, under the paper's assumptions, the EOQ approach can never realize a net increase in current wealth compared to the current wealth generated by the PV approach. On the other hand, we also show that when typical values of the relevant parameters prevail, the additional costs imposed by the EOQ approach are not significant. Finally, we suggest that insofar as the PV approach requires greater administrative costs to implement, it may even be counterproductive to the goal of wealth maximization. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 45: 377–389, 1998